Structural relationships among physical literacy, mental toughness, athletic mental energy, achievement emotions, and COVID-19-induced negative psychological states in Chinese adolescents
Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the structural relationships among Physical Literacy, Mental Toughness, Athletic Mental Energy, Achievement Emotions Positive, Achievement Emotions Negative, and COVID-19-Induced Negative Psychological States in Chinese adolescents. The study aimed t...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06295-0 |
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| author | Jiarun Wu Garry Kuan Xinding Zhang Frank J. H. Lu Diane L. Gill Yee Cheng Kueh |
| author_facet | Jiarun Wu Garry Kuan Xinding Zhang Frank J. H. Lu Diane L. Gill Yee Cheng Kueh |
| author_sort | Jiarun Wu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the structural relationships among Physical Literacy, Mental Toughness, Athletic Mental Energy, Achievement Emotions Positive, Achievement Emotions Negative, and COVID-19-Induced Negative Psychological States in Chinese adolescents. The study aimed to identify key psychological and emotional factors that may mitigate the negative psychological impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2023), with a focus on how physical literacy and related constructs influence adolescents’ psychological well-being. Given the significant psychological challenges faced by adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2023), this study seeks to understand how physical literacy, mental toughness, and emotional states interact to influence negative psychological outcomes. A cross-sectional design was adopted, and data were collected from 729 secondary school students in Lanzhou, China, using validated questionnaires to assess Physical Literacy, Mental Toughness, Athletic Mental Energy, Achievement Emotions Positive, Achievement Emotions Negative, and COVID-19-Induced Negative Psychological States. Structural equation modeling conducted using Mplus 8.0 software revealed that the initial hypothesized model showed good fit to the data (CFI = 0.953; TLI = 0.948; SRMR = 0.041). The results indicated that Physical Literacy positively predicted Mental Toughness, Athletic Mental Energy, and Achievement Emotions Positive, while negatively predicting Achievement Emotions Negative and COVID-19-Induced Negative Psychological States. Additionally, Mental Toughness, Athletic Mental Energy, and Achievement Emotions Positive were found to negatively predict COVID-19-Induced Negative Psychological States, whereas Achievement Emotions Negative positively predicted COVID-19-Induced Negative Psychological States. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive model that elucidates the interplay between physical literacy, mental toughness, emotional states, and negative psychological outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2023). The findings offer valuable insights for designing interventions to enhance adolescents’ psychological resilience and emotional well-being during large-scale public health crises akin to COVID-19. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-73e4906bd86841b79f08fbbf1535dee5 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-73e4906bd86841b79f08fbbf1535dee52025-08-20T04:02:46ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111110.1038/s41598-025-06295-0Structural relationships among physical literacy, mental toughness, athletic mental energy, achievement emotions, and COVID-19-induced negative psychological states in Chinese adolescentsJiarun Wu0Garry Kuan1Xinding Zhang2Frank J. H. Lu3Diane L. Gill4Yee Cheng Kueh5School of Physical Health, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese MedicineExercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains MalaysiaSchool of Physical Education, Hainan Normal UniversityInstitute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture UniversityDepartment of Kinesiology, University of North CarolinaBiostatistics and Research Methodology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains MalaysiaAbstract The purpose of this study was to explore the structural relationships among Physical Literacy, Mental Toughness, Athletic Mental Energy, Achievement Emotions Positive, Achievement Emotions Negative, and COVID-19-Induced Negative Psychological States in Chinese adolescents. The study aimed to identify key psychological and emotional factors that may mitigate the negative psychological impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2023), with a focus on how physical literacy and related constructs influence adolescents’ psychological well-being. Given the significant psychological challenges faced by adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2023), this study seeks to understand how physical literacy, mental toughness, and emotional states interact to influence negative psychological outcomes. A cross-sectional design was adopted, and data were collected from 729 secondary school students in Lanzhou, China, using validated questionnaires to assess Physical Literacy, Mental Toughness, Athletic Mental Energy, Achievement Emotions Positive, Achievement Emotions Negative, and COVID-19-Induced Negative Psychological States. Structural equation modeling conducted using Mplus 8.0 software revealed that the initial hypothesized model showed good fit to the data (CFI = 0.953; TLI = 0.948; SRMR = 0.041). The results indicated that Physical Literacy positively predicted Mental Toughness, Athletic Mental Energy, and Achievement Emotions Positive, while negatively predicting Achievement Emotions Negative and COVID-19-Induced Negative Psychological States. Additionally, Mental Toughness, Athletic Mental Energy, and Achievement Emotions Positive were found to negatively predict COVID-19-Induced Negative Psychological States, whereas Achievement Emotions Negative positively predicted COVID-19-Induced Negative Psychological States. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive model that elucidates the interplay between physical literacy, mental toughness, emotional states, and negative psychological outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2023). The findings offer valuable insights for designing interventions to enhance adolescents’ psychological resilience and emotional well-being during large-scale public health crises akin to COVID-19.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06295-0COVID-19AdolescentsSecondary students |
| spellingShingle | Jiarun Wu Garry Kuan Xinding Zhang Frank J. H. Lu Diane L. Gill Yee Cheng Kueh Structural relationships among physical literacy, mental toughness, athletic mental energy, achievement emotions, and COVID-19-induced negative psychological states in Chinese adolescents Scientific Reports COVID-19 Adolescents Secondary students |
| title | Structural relationships among physical literacy, mental toughness, athletic mental energy, achievement emotions, and COVID-19-induced negative psychological states in Chinese adolescents |
| title_full | Structural relationships among physical literacy, mental toughness, athletic mental energy, achievement emotions, and COVID-19-induced negative psychological states in Chinese adolescents |
| title_fullStr | Structural relationships among physical literacy, mental toughness, athletic mental energy, achievement emotions, and COVID-19-induced negative psychological states in Chinese adolescents |
| title_full_unstemmed | Structural relationships among physical literacy, mental toughness, athletic mental energy, achievement emotions, and COVID-19-induced negative psychological states in Chinese adolescents |
| title_short | Structural relationships among physical literacy, mental toughness, athletic mental energy, achievement emotions, and COVID-19-induced negative psychological states in Chinese adolescents |
| title_sort | structural relationships among physical literacy mental toughness athletic mental energy achievement emotions and covid 19 induced negative psychological states in chinese adolescents |
| topic | COVID-19 Adolescents Secondary students |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06295-0 |
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