Public exposure from inhalation of radon and thoron around the tin mine and smelter areas in Bangka, Indonesia
Abstract Radon (222Rn) and thoron (220Rn) were reported as the highest contributors to natural radiation received by humans. Furthermore, radon has been stated as the second-highest cause of lung cancer. The concentrations of 238U and 232Th (the parent nuclide of radon and thoron, respectively) in n...
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Nature Portfolio
2024-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80443-w |
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| author | Radhia Pradana Eka Djatnika Nugraha Yasutaka Omori Sharah Nataz Shilfa Ilma Dwi Winarni Wahyudi Wahyudi Untara Untara Irwan Kurnia Rini Safitri Chutima Kranrod Michiya Sasaki Ade Devriany Agus Nur Rachman Rusbani Kurniawan Haeranah Ahmad Muflihatul Muniroh Fahrul Islam Ilsa Rosianna Nurokhim Nurokhim Makhsun Makhsun Susilo Widodo Heru Prasetio Masahiro Hosoda Shinji Tokonami |
| author_facet | Radhia Pradana Eka Djatnika Nugraha Yasutaka Omori Sharah Nataz Shilfa Ilma Dwi Winarni Wahyudi Wahyudi Untara Untara Irwan Kurnia Rini Safitri Chutima Kranrod Michiya Sasaki Ade Devriany Agus Nur Rachman Rusbani Kurniawan Haeranah Ahmad Muflihatul Muniroh Fahrul Islam Ilsa Rosianna Nurokhim Nurokhim Makhsun Makhsun Susilo Widodo Heru Prasetio Masahiro Hosoda Shinji Tokonami |
| author_sort | Radhia Pradana |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Radon (222Rn) and thoron (220Rn) were reported as the highest contributors to natural radiation received by humans. Furthermore, radon has been stated as the second-highest cause of lung cancer. The concentrations of 238U and 232Th (the parent nuclide of radon and thoron, respectively) in nature vary with geological conditions and can be enhanced by human activities. Bangka Island in Indonesia is one such case with tin mining, where the environment contains a high amount of 232Th due to the island’s granite bedrock. This study assesses the public’s exposure to radon and thoron inhalation on Bangka Island by conducting measurements using a continuous radon-thoron monitor and a time-integrated monitor for radon, thoron, and thoron progeny concentrations. From those measurements, their diurnal and seasonal variation in the dwellings on Bangka Island were analyzed. From 135 dwellings on Bangka Island, the estimated annual effective dose derived from the inhalation of radon, thoron, and their progenies reaches 4.3 mSv at the highest and a mean of 1.7 ± 0.8 mSv in which thoron contributes more than two times higher than radon. Note that the public exposure to radon and thoron inhalation in Bangka was within the reference level for the existing exposure situation. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-695626055a5e42f69adcdcd3c8ef9e74 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-695626055a5e42f69adcdcd3c8ef9e742024-12-29T12:15:28ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222024-12-0114111410.1038/s41598-024-80443-wPublic exposure from inhalation of radon and thoron around the tin mine and smelter areas in Bangka, IndonesiaRadhia Pradana0Eka Djatnika Nugraha1Yasutaka Omori2Sharah Nataz Shilfa3Ilma Dwi Winarni4Wahyudi Wahyudi5Untara Untara6Irwan Kurnia7Rini Safitri8Chutima Kranrod9Michiya Sasaki10Ade Devriany11Agus Nur Rachman12Rusbani Kurniawan13Haeranah Ahmad14Muflihatul Muniroh15Fahrul Islam16Ilsa Rosianna17Nurokhim Nurokhim18Makhsun Makhsun19Susilo Widodo20Heru Prasetio21Masahiro Hosoda22Shinji Tokonami23Research Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, The Research Organization for Nuclear Technology, The National Research and Innovation AgencyResearch Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, The Research Organization for Nuclear Technology, The National Research and Innovation AgencyInstitute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki UniversityResearch Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, The Research Organization for Nuclear Technology, The National Research and Innovation AgencyResearch Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, The Research Organization for Nuclear Technology, The National Research and Innovation AgencyResearch Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, The Research Organization for Nuclear Technology, The National Research and Innovation AgencyResearch Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, The Research Organization for Nuclear Technology, The National Research and Innovation AgencyDepartement of Chemistry, Padjadjaran UniversityDepartement of Physics, Syiahkuala UniversityInstitute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki UniversityBiology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power IndustryHealth Ministry Polytechnic of Pangkal Pinang, Bangka TengahResearch Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, The Research Organization for Nuclear Technology, The National Research and Innovation AgencyResearch Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, The Research Organization for Nuclear Technology, The National Research and Innovation AgencyHealth Ministry Politechnic of MamujuDepartement of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro UniversityHealth Ministry Politechnic of MamujuResearch Center for Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Radioactive Waste Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation AgencyResearch Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, The Research Organization for Nuclear Technology, The National Research and Innovation AgencyResearch Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, The Research Organization for Nuclear Technology, The National Research and Innovation AgencyResearch Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, The Research Organization for Nuclear Technology, The National Research and Innovation AgencyResearch Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, The Research Organization for Nuclear Technology, The National Research and Innovation AgencyDepartment of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki UniversityInstitute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki UniversityAbstract Radon (222Rn) and thoron (220Rn) were reported as the highest contributors to natural radiation received by humans. Furthermore, radon has been stated as the second-highest cause of lung cancer. The concentrations of 238U and 232Th (the parent nuclide of radon and thoron, respectively) in nature vary with geological conditions and can be enhanced by human activities. Bangka Island in Indonesia is one such case with tin mining, where the environment contains a high amount of 232Th due to the island’s granite bedrock. This study assesses the public’s exposure to radon and thoron inhalation on Bangka Island by conducting measurements using a continuous radon-thoron monitor and a time-integrated monitor for radon, thoron, and thoron progeny concentrations. From those measurements, their diurnal and seasonal variation in the dwellings on Bangka Island were analyzed. From 135 dwellings on Bangka Island, the estimated annual effective dose derived from the inhalation of radon, thoron, and their progenies reaches 4.3 mSv at the highest and a mean of 1.7 ± 0.8 mSv in which thoron contributes more than two times higher than radon. Note that the public exposure to radon and thoron inhalation in Bangka was within the reference level for the existing exposure situation.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80443-wBangka IslandTin mineInternal doseRadonThoron |
| spellingShingle | Radhia Pradana Eka Djatnika Nugraha Yasutaka Omori Sharah Nataz Shilfa Ilma Dwi Winarni Wahyudi Wahyudi Untara Untara Irwan Kurnia Rini Safitri Chutima Kranrod Michiya Sasaki Ade Devriany Agus Nur Rachman Rusbani Kurniawan Haeranah Ahmad Muflihatul Muniroh Fahrul Islam Ilsa Rosianna Nurokhim Nurokhim Makhsun Makhsun Susilo Widodo Heru Prasetio Masahiro Hosoda Shinji Tokonami Public exposure from inhalation of radon and thoron around the tin mine and smelter areas in Bangka, Indonesia Scientific Reports Bangka Island Tin mine Internal dose Radon Thoron |
| title | Public exposure from inhalation of radon and thoron around the tin mine and smelter areas in Bangka, Indonesia |
| title_full | Public exposure from inhalation of radon and thoron around the tin mine and smelter areas in Bangka, Indonesia |
| title_fullStr | Public exposure from inhalation of radon and thoron around the tin mine and smelter areas in Bangka, Indonesia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Public exposure from inhalation of radon and thoron around the tin mine and smelter areas in Bangka, Indonesia |
| title_short | Public exposure from inhalation of radon and thoron around the tin mine and smelter areas in Bangka, Indonesia |
| title_sort | public exposure from inhalation of radon and thoron around the tin mine and smelter areas in bangka indonesia |
| topic | Bangka Island Tin mine Internal dose Radon Thoron |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80443-w |
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