Detection and identification of Naegleria species along with Naegleria fowleri in the tap water samples
Abstract Naegleria fowleri, the causative agent of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), is commonly found in warm freshwater environments and can enter the brain through nasal passages during activities like swimming or ablution. PAM has a high fatality rate, raising concerns about its global...
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BMC
2025-01-01
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| Series: | BMC Medical Genomics |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-024-02068-2 |
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| author | Muhammad Aurongzeb Syeda Zehratul Fatima Syed Ikhlaq Hussain Yasmeen Rashid Tariq Aziz Majid Alhomrani Walaa F. Alsanie Abdulhakeem S. Alamri |
| author_facet | Muhammad Aurongzeb Syeda Zehratul Fatima Syed Ikhlaq Hussain Yasmeen Rashid Tariq Aziz Majid Alhomrani Walaa F. Alsanie Abdulhakeem S. Alamri |
| author_sort | Muhammad Aurongzeb |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Naegleria fowleri, the causative agent of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), is commonly found in warm freshwater environments and can enter the brain through nasal passages during activities like swimming or ablution. PAM has a high fatality rate, raising concerns about its global health impact. In Pakistan, particularly in Karachi, a significant number of cases have been reported, often with no history of recreational water exposure, but with regular ablution using tap water. This study analyzed the physicochemical parameters, abundance of total and fecal coliforms, and detected N. fowleri and other Naegleria species in tap water samples from Karachi using PCR with ITS- and Naegl-primers. Almost all samples exhibited high temperatures, low chlorine levels, and a high presence of coliforms. N. fowleri and other Naegleria species were detected in 11 out of 39 samples. Sequence analysis identified N. fowleri in tap water from the Golimar and Lyari areas of Karachi, while the other nine samples revealed different Naegleria species. This study suggests that the combination of high temperatures, insufficient chlorination, and the presence of coliforms may create favorable conditions for N. fowleri growth. However, these factors are not exclusive to the Golimar and Lyari areas, indicating that other environmental or infrastructural factors, not detailed in this study, may have contributed to the presence of N. fowleri in that specific location. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-654dd0cd7d2c4cbb9f09f8d6bd3da78a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1755-8794 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Medical Genomics |
| spelling | doaj-art-654dd0cd7d2c4cbb9f09f8d6bd3da78a2025-01-12T12:43:37ZengBMCBMC Medical Genomics1755-87942025-01-0118111110.1186/s12920-024-02068-2Detection and identification of Naegleria species along with Naegleria fowleri in the tap water samplesMuhammad Aurongzeb0Syeda Zehratul Fatima1Syed Ikhlaq Hussain2Yasmeen Rashid3Tariq Aziz4Majid Alhomrani5Walaa F. Alsanie6Abdulhakeem S. Alamri7Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, Hamdard UniversityDepartment of Biochemistry, University of KarachiDepartment of Zoology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and TechnologyDepartment of Biochemistry, University of KarachiLaboratory of Animal Health Food Hygiene and Quality, University of IoanninaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif UniversityDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif UniversityDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif UniversityAbstract Naegleria fowleri, the causative agent of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), is commonly found in warm freshwater environments and can enter the brain through nasal passages during activities like swimming or ablution. PAM has a high fatality rate, raising concerns about its global health impact. In Pakistan, particularly in Karachi, a significant number of cases have been reported, often with no history of recreational water exposure, but with regular ablution using tap water. This study analyzed the physicochemical parameters, abundance of total and fecal coliforms, and detected N. fowleri and other Naegleria species in tap water samples from Karachi using PCR with ITS- and Naegl-primers. Almost all samples exhibited high temperatures, low chlorine levels, and a high presence of coliforms. N. fowleri and other Naegleria species were detected in 11 out of 39 samples. Sequence analysis identified N. fowleri in tap water from the Golimar and Lyari areas of Karachi, while the other nine samples revealed different Naegleria species. This study suggests that the combination of high temperatures, insufficient chlorination, and the presence of coliforms may create favorable conditions for N. fowleri growth. However, these factors are not exclusive to the Golimar and Lyari areas, indicating that other environmental or infrastructural factors, not detailed in this study, may have contributed to the presence of N. fowleri in that specific location.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-024-02068-2Primary amoebic meningoencephalitisNaegleria fowleriNaegleria speciesGenotypingKarachi drinking water |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Aurongzeb Syeda Zehratul Fatima Syed Ikhlaq Hussain Yasmeen Rashid Tariq Aziz Majid Alhomrani Walaa F. Alsanie Abdulhakeem S. Alamri Detection and identification of Naegleria species along with Naegleria fowleri in the tap water samples BMC Medical Genomics Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis Naegleria fowleri Naegleria species Genotyping Karachi drinking water |
| title | Detection and identification of Naegleria species along with Naegleria fowleri in the tap water samples |
| title_full | Detection and identification of Naegleria species along with Naegleria fowleri in the tap water samples |
| title_fullStr | Detection and identification of Naegleria species along with Naegleria fowleri in the tap water samples |
| title_full_unstemmed | Detection and identification of Naegleria species along with Naegleria fowleri in the tap water samples |
| title_short | Detection and identification of Naegleria species along with Naegleria fowleri in the tap water samples |
| title_sort | detection and identification of naegleria species along with naegleria fowleri in the tap water samples |
| topic | Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis Naegleria fowleri Naegleria species Genotyping Karachi drinking water |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-024-02068-2 |
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