<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>: Routes of Infection, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Alternative Therapies as a Means to Develop Infection Control
<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> (<i>H. pylori</i>) is a Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that colonizes the gastric epithelium and is associated with a range of gastrointestinal disorders, exhibiting a global prevalence of approximately 50%. Despite the availability of treat...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Ayman Elbehiry Adil Abalkhail Nuha Anajirih Fahad Alkhamisi Mohammed Aldamegh Abdullah Alramzi Riyad AlShaqi Naif Alotaibi Abdullah Aljuaid Hilal Alzahrani Feras Alzaben Mohammed Rawway Mai Ibrahem Moustafa H. Abdelsalam Nermin I. Rizk Mohamed E. A. Mostafa Moneef Rohail Alfaqir Husam M. Edrees Mubarak Alqahtani |
| author_facet | Ayman Elbehiry Adil Abalkhail Nuha Anajirih Fahad Alkhamisi Mohammed Aldamegh Abdullah Alramzi Riyad AlShaqi Naif Alotaibi Abdullah Aljuaid Hilal Alzahrani Feras Alzaben Mohammed Rawway Mai Ibrahem Moustafa H. Abdelsalam Nermin I. Rizk Mohamed E. A. Mostafa Moneef Rohail Alfaqir Husam M. Edrees Mubarak Alqahtani |
| author_sort | Ayman Elbehiry |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> (<i>H. pylori</i>) is a Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that colonizes the gastric epithelium and is associated with a range of gastrointestinal disorders, exhibiting a global prevalence of approximately 50%. Despite the availability of treatment options, <i>H. pylori</i> frequently reemerges and demonstrates increasing antibiotic resistance, which diminishes the efficacy of conventional therapies. Consequently, it is imperative to explore non-antibiotic treatment alternatives to mitigate the inappropriate use of antibiotics. This review examines <i>H. pylori</i> infection, encompassing transmission pathways, treatment modalities, antibiotic resistance, and eradication strategies. Additionally, it discusses alternative therapeutic approaches such as probiotics, anti-biofilm agents, phytotherapy, phototherapy, phage therapy, lactoferrin therapy, and vaccine development. These strategies aim to reduce antimicrobial resistance and enhance treatment outcomes for <i>H. pylori</i> infections. While alternative therapies can maintain low bacterial levels, they do not achieve complete eradication of <i>H. pylori</i>. These therapies are designed to bolster the immune response, minimize side effects, and provide gastroprotective benefits, rendering them suitable for adjunctive use alongside conventional treatments. Probiotics may serve as adjunctive therapy for <i>H. pylori</i>; however, their effectiveness as a monotherapy is limited. Photodynamic and phage therapies exhibit potential in targeting <i>H. pylori</i> infections, including those caused by drug-resistant strains, without the use of antibiotics. The development of a reliable vaccine is also critical for the eradication of <i>H. pylori</i>. This review identifies candidate antigens such as <i>VacA</i>, <i>CagA</i>, and <i>HspA</i>, along with various vaccine formulations, including vector-based and subunit vaccines. Some vaccines have demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials, while others have shown robust immune protection in preclinical studies. Nevertheless, each of the aforementioned alternative therapies requires thorough preclinical and clinical evaluation to ascertain their efficacy, side effects, cost-effectiveness, and patient compliance. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-647f11884926441f9529dfb5ec43486d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2079-9721 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diseases |
| spelling | doaj-art-647f11884926441f9529dfb5ec43486d2024-12-27T14:21:18ZengMDPI AGDiseases2079-97212024-12-01121231110.3390/diseases12120311<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>: Routes of Infection, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Alternative Therapies as a Means to Develop Infection ControlAyman Elbehiry0Adil Abalkhail1Nuha Anajirih2Fahad Alkhamisi3Mohammed Aldamegh4Abdullah Alramzi5Riyad AlShaqi6Naif Alotaibi7Abdullah Aljuaid8Hilal Alzahrani9Feras Alzaben10Mohammed Rawway11Mai Ibrahem12Moustafa H. Abdelsalam13Nermin I. Rizk14Mohamed E. A. Mostafa15Moneef Rohail Alfaqir16Husam M. Edrees17Mubarak Alqahtani18Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6666, Buraydah 51452, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6666, Buraydah 51452, Saudi ArabiaMedical Emergency Services Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Qunfudah P.O. Box 1109, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Preventive Medicine, King Fahad Armed Hospital, Jeddah 23311, Saudi ArabiaPathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Armed Forces Hospital-Jubail, Jubail 31951, Saudi ArabiaMedical Radiology Department, Armed Forces Hospital-Jubail, Jubail 31951, Saudi ArabiaBiomedical Engineer, Armed Forces Medical Services, Riyadh 12426, Saudi ArabiaMedical Hospital Administration Department, Armed Forces Hospital-Jubail, Jubail 31951, Saudi ArabiaMedical Hospital Administration Department, Armed Forces Hospitals in Al Kharj, AL Kharj 16278, Saudi ArabiaPhysical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Armed Forces Center for Health Rehabilitation, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Food Service, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah 23311, Saudi ArabiaBiology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 42421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 74191, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 74191, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 74191, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 74191, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 74191, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Radiology, King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah 23311, Saudi Arabia<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> (<i>H. pylori</i>) is a Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that colonizes the gastric epithelium and is associated with a range of gastrointestinal disorders, exhibiting a global prevalence of approximately 50%. Despite the availability of treatment options, <i>H. pylori</i> frequently reemerges and demonstrates increasing antibiotic resistance, which diminishes the efficacy of conventional therapies. Consequently, it is imperative to explore non-antibiotic treatment alternatives to mitigate the inappropriate use of antibiotics. This review examines <i>H. pylori</i> infection, encompassing transmission pathways, treatment modalities, antibiotic resistance, and eradication strategies. Additionally, it discusses alternative therapeutic approaches such as probiotics, anti-biofilm agents, phytotherapy, phototherapy, phage therapy, lactoferrin therapy, and vaccine development. These strategies aim to reduce antimicrobial resistance and enhance treatment outcomes for <i>H. pylori</i> infections. While alternative therapies can maintain low bacterial levels, they do not achieve complete eradication of <i>H. pylori</i>. These therapies are designed to bolster the immune response, minimize side effects, and provide gastroprotective benefits, rendering them suitable for adjunctive use alongside conventional treatments. Probiotics may serve as adjunctive therapy for <i>H. pylori</i>; however, their effectiveness as a monotherapy is limited. Photodynamic and phage therapies exhibit potential in targeting <i>H. pylori</i> infections, including those caused by drug-resistant strains, without the use of antibiotics. The development of a reliable vaccine is also critical for the eradication of <i>H. pylori</i>. This review identifies candidate antigens such as <i>VacA</i>, <i>CagA</i>, and <i>HspA</i>, along with various vaccine formulations, including vector-based and subunit vaccines. Some vaccines have demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials, while others have shown robust immune protection in preclinical studies. Nevertheless, each of the aforementioned alternative therapies requires thorough preclinical and clinical evaluation to ascertain their efficacy, side effects, cost-effectiveness, and patient compliance.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/12/12/311<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>disease transmissionantibiotic resistancealternative therapiesinfection control |
| spellingShingle | Ayman Elbehiry Adil Abalkhail Nuha Anajirih Fahad Alkhamisi Mohammed Aldamegh Abdullah Alramzi Riyad AlShaqi Naif Alotaibi Abdullah Aljuaid Hilal Alzahrani Feras Alzaben Mohammed Rawway Mai Ibrahem Moustafa H. Abdelsalam Nermin I. Rizk Mohamed E. A. Mostafa Moneef Rohail Alfaqir Husam M. Edrees Mubarak Alqahtani <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>: Routes of Infection, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Alternative Therapies as a Means to Develop Infection Control Diseases <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> disease transmission antibiotic resistance alternative therapies infection control |
| title | <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>: Routes of Infection, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Alternative Therapies as a Means to Develop Infection Control |
| title_full | <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>: Routes of Infection, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Alternative Therapies as a Means to Develop Infection Control |
| title_fullStr | <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>: Routes of Infection, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Alternative Therapies as a Means to Develop Infection Control |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>: Routes of Infection, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Alternative Therapies as a Means to Develop Infection Control |
| title_short | <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>: Routes of Infection, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Alternative Therapies as a Means to Develop Infection Control |
| title_sort | i helicobacter pylori i routes of infection antimicrobial resistance and alternative therapies as a means to develop infection control |
| topic | <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> disease transmission antibiotic resistance alternative therapies infection control |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/12/12/311 |
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