A New Caffeine Detection Method Using a Highly Multiplexed Smartphone-Based Spectrometer

Smartphones equipped with highly integrated sensors are increasingly being recognized as powerful tools for rapid on-site testing. Here, we propose a low-cost, portable, and highly multiplexed smartphone-based spectrometer capable of collecting three types of spectra—transmission, reflection, and fl...

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Main Authors: Erhuan Zhuo, Huanxin Xia, Huan Hu, Yu Lin
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-12-01
Series:Biosensors
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/14/12/590
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author Erhuan Zhuo
Huanxin Xia
Huan Hu
Yu Lin
author_facet Erhuan Zhuo
Huanxin Xia
Huan Hu
Yu Lin
author_sort Erhuan Zhuo
collection DOAJ
description Smartphones equipped with highly integrated sensors are increasingly being recognized as powerful tools for rapid on-site testing. Here, we propose a low-cost, portable, and highly multiplexed smartphone-based spectrometer capable of collecting three types of spectra—transmission, reflection, and fluorescence—by simply replacing the optical fiber attached to the housing. Spectral analysis is performed directly on the smartphone using a custom-developed app. Furthermore, we introduce a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) caffeine detection scheme that leverages aspirin and salicylic acid as fluorescent probes, allowing for the rapid and straightforward detection of caffeine in various samples. The fluorescence quenching of the probes was found to be linearly related to the caffeine concentration (0–200 μM), and the recoveries of the commercially available caffeine-containing samples were in the range of 98.0333–105.6000%, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.58 μM. The reliability and stability of the on-site assay using the smartphone spectrometer were verified. More importantly, this spectrometer demonstrates great potential as a versatile device for use outside of laboratory settings by enabling different operating modes tailored to various scenarios.
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spelling doaj-art-60cf78d9d13745c8ae430b0f4af73d292024-12-27T14:14:12ZengMDPI AGBiosensors2079-63742024-12-01141259010.3390/bios14120590A New Caffeine Detection Method Using a Highly Multiplexed Smartphone-Based SpectrometerErhuan Zhuo0Huanxin Xia1Huan Hu2Yu Lin3Zhejiang University-University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, ChinaZhejiang University-University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, ChinaZhejiang University-University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, ChinaZhejiang University-University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, ChinaSmartphones equipped with highly integrated sensors are increasingly being recognized as powerful tools for rapid on-site testing. Here, we propose a low-cost, portable, and highly multiplexed smartphone-based spectrometer capable of collecting three types of spectra—transmission, reflection, and fluorescence—by simply replacing the optical fiber attached to the housing. Spectral analysis is performed directly on the smartphone using a custom-developed app. Furthermore, we introduce a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) caffeine detection scheme that leverages aspirin and salicylic acid as fluorescent probes, allowing for the rapid and straightforward detection of caffeine in various samples. The fluorescence quenching of the probes was found to be linearly related to the caffeine concentration (0–200 μM), and the recoveries of the commercially available caffeine-containing samples were in the range of 98.0333–105.6000%, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.58 μM. The reliability and stability of the on-site assay using the smartphone spectrometer were verified. More importantly, this spectrometer demonstrates great potential as a versatile device for use outside of laboratory settings by enabling different operating modes tailored to various scenarios.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/14/12/590aspirincaffeineon-site detectionpoint-of-care testingsmartphone-based spectroscopy
spellingShingle Erhuan Zhuo
Huanxin Xia
Huan Hu
Yu Lin
A New Caffeine Detection Method Using a Highly Multiplexed Smartphone-Based Spectrometer
Biosensors
aspirin
caffeine
on-site detection
point-of-care testing
smartphone-based spectroscopy
title A New Caffeine Detection Method Using a Highly Multiplexed Smartphone-Based Spectrometer
title_full A New Caffeine Detection Method Using a Highly Multiplexed Smartphone-Based Spectrometer
title_fullStr A New Caffeine Detection Method Using a Highly Multiplexed Smartphone-Based Spectrometer
title_full_unstemmed A New Caffeine Detection Method Using a Highly Multiplexed Smartphone-Based Spectrometer
title_short A New Caffeine Detection Method Using a Highly Multiplexed Smartphone-Based Spectrometer
title_sort new caffeine detection method using a highly multiplexed smartphone based spectrometer
topic aspirin
caffeine
on-site detection
point-of-care testing
smartphone-based spectroscopy
url https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/14/12/590
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