The March 1940 Superstorm: Geoelectromagnetic Hazards and Impacts on American Communication and Power Systems
Abstract An analysis is made of geophysical records of the 24 March 1940, magnetic storm and related reports of interference on long‐line communication and power systems across the contiguous United States and, to a lesser extent, Canada. Most long‐line system interference occurred during local dayt...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Wiley
2023-06-01
|
| Series: | Space Weather |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1029/2022SW003379 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1841536485607604224 |
|---|---|
| author | Jeffrey J. Love E. Joshua Rigler Michael D. Hartinger Greg M. Lucas Anna Kelbert Paul A. Bedrosian |
| author_facet | Jeffrey J. Love E. Joshua Rigler Michael D. Hartinger Greg M. Lucas Anna Kelbert Paul A. Bedrosian |
| author_sort | Jeffrey J. Love |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract An analysis is made of geophysical records of the 24 March 1940, magnetic storm and related reports of interference on long‐line communication and power systems across the contiguous United States and, to a lesser extent, Canada. Most long‐line system interference occurred during local daytime, after the second of two storm sudden commencements and during the early part of the storm's main phase. The high degree of system interference experienced during this storm is inferred to have been due to unusually large‐amplitude and unusually rapid geomagnetic field variation, possibly driven by interacting interplanetary coronal‐mass ejections. Geomagnetic field variation, in turn, induced geoelectric fields in the electrically conducting solid Earth, establishing large potential differences (voltages) between grounding points at communication depots and transformer substations connected by long transmission lines. It is shown that March 1940 storm‐time communication‐ and power‐system interference was primarily experienced over regions of high electromagnetic surface impedance, mainly in the upper Midwest and eastern United States. Potential differences measured on several grounded long lines during the storm exceeded 1‐min resolution voltages that would have been induced by the March 1989 storm. In some places, voltages exceeded American electric‐power‐industry benchmarks. It is concluded that the March 1940 magnetic storm was unusually effective at inducing geoelectric fields. Although modern communication systems are now much less dependent on long electrically conducting transmission lines, modern electric‐power‐transmission systems are more dependent on such lines, and they, thus, might experience interference with the future occurrence of a storm as effective as that of March 1940. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5dd1747d6cae42469d534349a88533a2 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1542-7390 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Space Weather |
| spelling | doaj-art-5dd1747d6cae42469d534349a88533a22025-01-14T16:27:02ZengWileySpace Weather1542-73902023-06-01216n/an/a10.1029/2022SW003379The March 1940 Superstorm: Geoelectromagnetic Hazards and Impacts on American Communication and Power SystemsJeffrey J. Love0E. Joshua Rigler1Michael D. Hartinger2Greg M. Lucas3Anna Kelbert4Paul A. Bedrosian5U.S. Geological Survey Geomagnetism Program Geologic Hazards Science Center Denver CO USAU.S. Geological Survey Geomagnetism Program Geologic Hazards Science Center Denver CO USASpace Science Institute Boulder CO USALaboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics University of Colorado Boulder CO USAU.S. Geological Survey Geomagnetism Program Geologic Hazards Science Center Denver CO USAU.S. Geological Survey Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center Denver CO USAAbstract An analysis is made of geophysical records of the 24 March 1940, magnetic storm and related reports of interference on long‐line communication and power systems across the contiguous United States and, to a lesser extent, Canada. Most long‐line system interference occurred during local daytime, after the second of two storm sudden commencements and during the early part of the storm's main phase. The high degree of system interference experienced during this storm is inferred to have been due to unusually large‐amplitude and unusually rapid geomagnetic field variation, possibly driven by interacting interplanetary coronal‐mass ejections. Geomagnetic field variation, in turn, induced geoelectric fields in the electrically conducting solid Earth, establishing large potential differences (voltages) between grounding points at communication depots and transformer substations connected by long transmission lines. It is shown that March 1940 storm‐time communication‐ and power‐system interference was primarily experienced over regions of high electromagnetic surface impedance, mainly in the upper Midwest and eastern United States. Potential differences measured on several grounded long lines during the storm exceeded 1‐min resolution voltages that would have been induced by the March 1989 storm. In some places, voltages exceeded American electric‐power‐industry benchmarks. It is concluded that the March 1940 magnetic storm was unusually effective at inducing geoelectric fields. Although modern communication systems are now much less dependent on long electrically conducting transmission lines, modern electric‐power‐transmission systems are more dependent on such lines, and they, thus, might experience interference with the future occurrence of a storm as effective as that of March 1940.https://doi.org/10.1029/2022SW003379extreme eventsgeoelectric fieldsgeomagnetically induced currentshistorical eventsinteracting interplanetary coronal‐mass ejectionsmagnetic storms |
| spellingShingle | Jeffrey J. Love E. Joshua Rigler Michael D. Hartinger Greg M. Lucas Anna Kelbert Paul A. Bedrosian The March 1940 Superstorm: Geoelectromagnetic Hazards and Impacts on American Communication and Power Systems Space Weather extreme events geoelectric fields geomagnetically induced currents historical events interacting interplanetary coronal‐mass ejections magnetic storms |
| title | The March 1940 Superstorm: Geoelectromagnetic Hazards and Impacts on American Communication and Power Systems |
| title_full | The March 1940 Superstorm: Geoelectromagnetic Hazards and Impacts on American Communication and Power Systems |
| title_fullStr | The March 1940 Superstorm: Geoelectromagnetic Hazards and Impacts on American Communication and Power Systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | The March 1940 Superstorm: Geoelectromagnetic Hazards and Impacts on American Communication and Power Systems |
| title_short | The March 1940 Superstorm: Geoelectromagnetic Hazards and Impacts on American Communication and Power Systems |
| title_sort | march 1940 superstorm geoelectromagnetic hazards and impacts on american communication and power systems |
| topic | extreme events geoelectric fields geomagnetically induced currents historical events interacting interplanetary coronal‐mass ejections magnetic storms |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1029/2022SW003379 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jeffreyjlove themarch1940superstormgeoelectromagnetichazardsandimpactsonamericancommunicationandpowersystems AT ejoshuarigler themarch1940superstormgeoelectromagnetichazardsandimpactsonamericancommunicationandpowersystems AT michaeldhartinger themarch1940superstormgeoelectromagnetichazardsandimpactsonamericancommunicationandpowersystems AT gregmlucas themarch1940superstormgeoelectromagnetichazardsandimpactsonamericancommunicationandpowersystems AT annakelbert themarch1940superstormgeoelectromagnetichazardsandimpactsonamericancommunicationandpowersystems AT paulabedrosian themarch1940superstormgeoelectromagnetichazardsandimpactsonamericancommunicationandpowersystems AT jeffreyjlove march1940superstormgeoelectromagnetichazardsandimpactsonamericancommunicationandpowersystems AT ejoshuarigler march1940superstormgeoelectromagnetichazardsandimpactsonamericancommunicationandpowersystems AT michaeldhartinger march1940superstormgeoelectromagnetichazardsandimpactsonamericancommunicationandpowersystems AT gregmlucas march1940superstormgeoelectromagnetichazardsandimpactsonamericancommunicationandpowersystems AT annakelbert march1940superstormgeoelectromagnetichazardsandimpactsonamericancommunicationandpowersystems AT paulabedrosian march1940superstormgeoelectromagnetichazardsandimpactsonamericancommunicationandpowersystems |