Long-term air pollution exposure and cardiovascular disease risk across cardiovascular-renal-metabolic stages: a nationwide study

Long-term air pollution exposure and cardiovascular disease risk across cardiovascular-renal-metabolic stages: a nationwide study

Abstract Background Cardiovascular-renal-metabolic (CKM) syndrome substantially elevates the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Environmental air pollution, especially particulate matter (PM), is a key contributor, yet its long-term effects across CKM stages remain unclear. Objectives This study...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Leying Zhao, Cong Zhao, Weiwei Sun, Huijuan Zheng, Yabin Gao, Chan Kam Wa, Qiong Wang, Qingqing Liu, Yaoxian Wang, Zhen Wang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-07-01
Series:BMC Public Health
Subjects:
Air pollution
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular-renal-metabolic syndrome
Long-term exposure
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23348-1
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https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23348-1

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