Mechanisms of allorecognition and xenorecognition in transplantation
Foreign antigen recognition is the ability of immune cells to distinguish self from nonself, which is crucial for immune responses in both invertebrates and vertebrates. In vertebrates, T cells play a pivotal role in graft rejection by recognizing alloantigens presented by antigen-presenting cells t...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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The Korean Society for Transplantation
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Clinical Transplantation and Research |
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| Online Access: | https://www.ctrjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.4285/ctr.24.0056 |
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| author | Il Hee Yun Jaeseok Yang |
| author_facet | Il Hee Yun Jaeseok Yang |
| author_sort | Il Hee Yun |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Foreign antigen recognition is the ability of immune cells to distinguish self from nonself, which is crucial for immune responses in both invertebrates and vertebrates. In vertebrates, T cells play a pivotal role in graft rejection by recognizing alloantigens presented by antigen-presenting cells through direct, indirect, or semidirect pathways. B cells also significantly contribute to the indirect presentation of antigens to T cells. Innate immune cells, such as dendritic cells, identify pathogen- or danger-associated molecular patterns through pattern recognition receptors, thereby facilitating effective antigen presentation to T cells. Recent studies have shown that innate immune cells, including macrophages and NK cells, can recognize allogeneic or xenogeneic antigens using immune receptors like CD47 or activating NK receptors, instead of pattern recognition receptors. Additionally, macrophages and NK cells are capable of exhibiting memory responses to alloantigens, although these responses are shorter than those of adaptive memory. T cells also recognize xenoantigens through either direct or indirect presentation. Notably, macrophages and NK cells can directly recognize xenoantigens via surface immune receptors in an antibody-independent manner, or they can be activated in an antibody-dependent manner. Advances in our understanding of the recognition mechanisms of adaptive and innate immunity against allogeneic and xenogeneic antigens may improve our understanding of graft rejection. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5547577aae9143528aa84c2f837402d8 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 3022-6783 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | The Korean Society for Transplantation |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Clinical Transplantation and Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-5547577aae9143528aa84c2f837402d82025-01-15T02:51:59ZengThe Korean Society for TransplantationClinical Transplantation and Research3022-67832024-12-0138427329310.4285/ctr.24.0056ctr.24.0056Mechanisms of allorecognition and xenorecognition in transplantationIl Hee Yun0Jaeseok Yang1The Research Institute for Transplantation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, KoreaThe Research Institute for Transplantation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, KoreaForeign antigen recognition is the ability of immune cells to distinguish self from nonself, which is crucial for immune responses in both invertebrates and vertebrates. In vertebrates, T cells play a pivotal role in graft rejection by recognizing alloantigens presented by antigen-presenting cells through direct, indirect, or semidirect pathways. B cells also significantly contribute to the indirect presentation of antigens to T cells. Innate immune cells, such as dendritic cells, identify pathogen- or danger-associated molecular patterns through pattern recognition receptors, thereby facilitating effective antigen presentation to T cells. Recent studies have shown that innate immune cells, including macrophages and NK cells, can recognize allogeneic or xenogeneic antigens using immune receptors like CD47 or activating NK receptors, instead of pattern recognition receptors. Additionally, macrophages and NK cells are capable of exhibiting memory responses to alloantigens, although these responses are shorter than those of adaptive memory. T cells also recognize xenoantigens through either direct or indirect presentation. Notably, macrophages and NK cells can directly recognize xenoantigens via surface immune receptors in an antibody-independent manner, or they can be activated in an antibody-dependent manner. Advances in our understanding of the recognition mechanisms of adaptive and innate immunity against allogeneic and xenogeneic antigens may improve our understanding of graft rejection.https://www.ctrjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.4285/ctr.24.0056alloimmunity; nonself recognition; transplantation rejection; transplantation; xenotransplantation |
| spellingShingle | Il Hee Yun Jaeseok Yang Mechanisms of allorecognition and xenorecognition in transplantation Clinical Transplantation and Research alloimmunity; nonself recognition; transplantation rejection; transplantation; xenotransplantation |
| title | Mechanisms of allorecognition and xenorecognition in transplantation |
| title_full | Mechanisms of allorecognition and xenorecognition in transplantation |
| title_fullStr | Mechanisms of allorecognition and xenorecognition in transplantation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mechanisms of allorecognition and xenorecognition in transplantation |
| title_short | Mechanisms of allorecognition and xenorecognition in transplantation |
| title_sort | mechanisms of allorecognition and xenorecognition in transplantation |
| topic | alloimmunity; nonself recognition; transplantation rejection; transplantation; xenotransplantation |
| url | https://www.ctrjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.4285/ctr.24.0056 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ilheeyun mechanismsofallorecognitionandxenorecognitionintransplantation AT jaeseokyang mechanismsofallorecognitionandxenorecognitionintransplantation |