Active and Passive Smoking as Catalysts for Cognitive Impairment in Rural Indonesia: A Population-based Study
Objectives: Research indicates that active smokers are at risk of cognitive impairment. However, the correlation between chronic passive smoking and the risk of cognitive impairment remains underexplored. This study aimed to determine the association between smoking, passive smoking, and cognitive i...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Oman Medical Specialty Board
2024-07-01
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| Series: | Oman Medical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://omjournal.org/articleDetails.aspx?coType=1&aId=3809 |
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| author | Faizal Muhammad Afifah Syifaul Ummah Farida Aisyah Rivan Danuaji Diah Kurnia Mirawati Subandi Subandi Baarid Luqman Hamidi Ervina Arta Jayanti Hutabarat Reviono Reviono Yulie Erida Nur Rahmawati Isa Ridwan |
| author_facet | Faizal Muhammad Afifah Syifaul Ummah Farida Aisyah Rivan Danuaji Diah Kurnia Mirawati Subandi Subandi Baarid Luqman Hamidi Ervina Arta Jayanti Hutabarat Reviono Reviono Yulie Erida Nur Rahmawati Isa Ridwan |
| author_sort | Faizal Muhammad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objectives: Research indicates that active smokers are at risk of cognitive impairment. However, the correlation between chronic passive smoking and the risk of cognitive impairment remains underexplored. This study aimed to determine the association between smoking, passive smoking, and cognitive impairment and examined the dose-response effect. Methods: This population-based two-year survey was conducted in four rural public health centers from 2021 to 2023 in Central Java, Indonesia, each center caters to approximately 30 000 people. The participants were selected using simple random sampling from the health center visitors aged 30–60 years. Smoking and passive smoking were determined by self-assessment. Mini-Mental State Examination was used to evaluate cognitive impairment. The potential impact of confounding variables such as lifestyle, sociodemographic factors, and chronic diseases were considered and excluded during statistical analysis. Results: The participants were 409 individuals aged 30–60 years. The majority were men (264; 64.5%). Among them, 308 (75.3%) were active smokers, 271 (66.3%) were passive smokers, and 138 (33.7%) were not exposed to tobacco smoke. There was a significant relationship between cognitive impairment and increasing pack years of active smoking. The highest and most significant risk was observed in those who smoked ≥ 20 pack-years with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.61 and 95% CI: 0.98–2.31. Passive smokers had a slightly lower risk of cognitive impairment than those who did not smoke and never smoked (aOR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.37–2.70). They were comparable with OR of 10–19 pack-years total exposure to active smoking (aOR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.24–2.42). Conclusions: There was a dose-response relationship between smoking and cognitive impairment with a significant effect on ≥ 20 pack-years of exposure. Passive smoking also indicated a significant risk of cognitive impairment equivalent to an estimated 10–19 pack-years of active smoking. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-55311677d4ef4c9ba1b169c7a992f42f |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1999-768X 2070-5204 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-07-01 |
| publisher | Oman Medical Specialty Board |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Oman Medical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-55311677d4ef4c9ba1b169c7a992f42f2025-01-09T07:19:54ZengOman Medical Specialty BoardOman Medical Journal1999-768X2070-52042024-07-01394e655e65510.5001/omj.2024.94Active and Passive Smoking as Catalysts for Cognitive Impairment in Rural Indonesia: A Population-based StudyFaizal Muhammad0Afifah Syifaul Ummah1Farida Aisyah2Rivan Danuaji3Diah Kurnia Mirawati4Subandi Subandi5Baarid Luqman Hamidi6Ervina Arta Jayanti Hutabarat7Reviono Reviono8Yulie Erida Nur Rahmawati9Isa Ridwan10Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, IndonesiaMedical Clerkship of General Practitioner, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, IndonesiaMedical Clerkship of General Practitioner, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, IndonesiaNeurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, IndonesiaNeurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, IndonesiaNeurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, IndonesiaNeurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, IndonesiaNeurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, IndonesiaPulmonology and Respiratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, IndonesiaBalai Besar Kesehatan Paru Masyarakat, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, Bandung, IndonesiaOrthopedics and Traumatology Department, RSUD Kesehatan Kerja, Bandung, IndonesiaObjectives: Research indicates that active smokers are at risk of cognitive impairment. However, the correlation between chronic passive smoking and the risk of cognitive impairment remains underexplored. This study aimed to determine the association between smoking, passive smoking, and cognitive impairment and examined the dose-response effect. Methods: This population-based two-year survey was conducted in four rural public health centers from 2021 to 2023 in Central Java, Indonesia, each center caters to approximately 30 000 people. The participants were selected using simple random sampling from the health center visitors aged 30–60 years. Smoking and passive smoking were determined by self-assessment. Mini-Mental State Examination was used to evaluate cognitive impairment. The potential impact of confounding variables such as lifestyle, sociodemographic factors, and chronic diseases were considered and excluded during statistical analysis. Results: The participants were 409 individuals aged 30–60 years. The majority were men (264; 64.5%). Among them, 308 (75.3%) were active smokers, 271 (66.3%) were passive smokers, and 138 (33.7%) were not exposed to tobacco smoke. There was a significant relationship between cognitive impairment and increasing pack years of active smoking. The highest and most significant risk was observed in those who smoked ≥ 20 pack-years with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.61 and 95% CI: 0.98–2.31. Passive smokers had a slightly lower risk of cognitive impairment than those who did not smoke and never smoked (aOR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.37–2.70). They were comparable with OR of 10–19 pack-years total exposure to active smoking (aOR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.24–2.42). Conclusions: There was a dose-response relationship between smoking and cognitive impairment with a significant effect on ≥ 20 pack-years of exposure. Passive smoking also indicated a significant risk of cognitive impairment equivalent to an estimated 10–19 pack-years of active smoking.https://omjournal.org/articleDetails.aspx?coType=1&aId=3809neurodegenerative diseasescognitive impairmentsdementiasmokingepidemiologyindonesia |
| spellingShingle | Faizal Muhammad Afifah Syifaul Ummah Farida Aisyah Rivan Danuaji Diah Kurnia Mirawati Subandi Subandi Baarid Luqman Hamidi Ervina Arta Jayanti Hutabarat Reviono Reviono Yulie Erida Nur Rahmawati Isa Ridwan Active and Passive Smoking as Catalysts for Cognitive Impairment in Rural Indonesia: A Population-based Study Oman Medical Journal neurodegenerative diseases cognitive impairments dementia smoking epidemiology indonesia |
| title | Active and Passive Smoking as Catalysts for Cognitive Impairment in Rural Indonesia: A Population-based Study |
| title_full | Active and Passive Smoking as Catalysts for Cognitive Impairment in Rural Indonesia: A Population-based Study |
| title_fullStr | Active and Passive Smoking as Catalysts for Cognitive Impairment in Rural Indonesia: A Population-based Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Active and Passive Smoking as Catalysts for Cognitive Impairment in Rural Indonesia: A Population-based Study |
| title_short | Active and Passive Smoking as Catalysts for Cognitive Impairment in Rural Indonesia: A Population-based Study |
| title_sort | active and passive smoking as catalysts for cognitive impairment in rural indonesia a population based study |
| topic | neurodegenerative diseases cognitive impairments dementia smoking epidemiology indonesia |
| url | https://omjournal.org/articleDetails.aspx?coType=1&aId=3809 |
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