Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess women’s hookah smoking: insights from a multi-stage study
Abstract Background of study Hookah smoking is a major concern worldwide, especially in Eastern Mediterranean countries. In this study, we aimed to develop and psychometrically test the factors underlying hookah smoking among women. Methods We conducted both qualitative and quantitative phases betwe...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2025-07-01
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| Series: | BMC Public Health |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23336-5 |
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