Photocatalytic degradation of phenol using cadmium-TiO2/chitosan hybrid catalysts

In this study, hybrid catalysts of cadmium-doped TiO _2 (Cd-TiO _2 ) and hydrolyzed chitosan (Cd-TiO _2 /Q) were developed for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol in water. The Cd- TiO _2 /Q catalysts were synthesized using a sonochemical approach involving food-grade commercial TiO _2 , incipi...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: D Ángeles-Beltrán, G Chavez-Esquivel, J A Tavizón-Pozos, V A Suárez-Toriello, C E Santolalla-Vargas, O Aguilar-Martínez
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IOP Publishing 2025-01-01
Series:Materials Research Express
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ade11c
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Summary:In this study, hybrid catalysts of cadmium-doped TiO _2 (Cd-TiO _2 ) and hydrolyzed chitosan (Cd-TiO _2 /Q) were developed for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol in water. The Cd- TiO _2 /Q catalysts were synthesized using a sonochemical approach involving food-grade commercial TiO _2 , incipient impregnation, and a solution-casting method for Q, all mixed by ultrasonication. The TiO _2 , TiO _2 /Q, Cd-TiO _2 , and Cd-TiO _2 /Q catalysts were characterized by N _2 -Physisorption, Raman spectroscopy, UV–vis Diffuse Reflectance, x-ray diffraction, x-ray Spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive. The results of photocatalytic phenol degradation were fitted to a pseudo-first-order kinetic model, where the Cd-TiO _2 and Cd-TiO _2 /Q hybrid catalysts showed a 45% higher kinetic constant than the TiO _2 , TiO _2 /Q, and Cd-TiO _2 catalysts under UV irradiation. Incorporating the Cd and Q into TiO _2 system modified the surface properties of the Cd-TiO _2 /Q catalyst, reducing the surface area by up to 7-fold compared to TiO _2 . The synergistic effect of the Cd ^2+ and Q functional groups is responsible for the improved performance of Cd-TiO _2 /Q, despite its lower specific surface area. This catalyst also maintained the A-TiO _2 phase dominance and showed evidence of substitutional doping without the formation of a secondary crystalline Cd phase. These findings highlight the potential of the Cd-TiO _2 /Q hybrid catalyst, for efficient phenol degradation and offer insights into the role of organic–inorganic hybrid materials in photocatalytic applications.
ISSN:2053-1591