Infectious agent release and Pacific salmon exposure at Atlantic salmon farms revealed by environmental DNA
Abstract The potential risk posed by infectious agents (IAs) associated with netpen aquaculture to wild fishes is determined based on the “release” of IAs from netpens into the environment, the “exposure” of the wild fish to those released agents, and the “consequence” for wild fish experiencing inf...
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Nature Portfolio
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83250-5 |
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| author | Arthur L. Bass Emiliano DiCicco Karia H. Kaukinen Shaorong Li Rick Johnson John Powell Victor Isaac Nicola B. Dedeluk Andrew W. Bateman Kristina M. Miller |
| author_facet | Arthur L. Bass Emiliano DiCicco Karia H. Kaukinen Shaorong Li Rick Johnson John Powell Victor Isaac Nicola B. Dedeluk Andrew W. Bateman Kristina M. Miller |
| author_sort | Arthur L. Bass |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The potential risk posed by infectious agents (IAs) associated with netpen aquaculture to wild fishes is determined based on the “release” of IAs from netpens into the environment, the “exposure” of the wild fish to those released agents, and the “consequence” for wild fish experiencing infection by those agents. Information available to characterize these three factors is often lacking, and the occurrence of transmission from aquaculture to wild fish as well as potential consequences of such transmission are difficult to observe. In this study, we utilized environmental DNA (eDNA) to characterize the release of dozens of IAs from, and exposure of Pacific salmon to, Atlantic salmon aquaculture. We combined these factors with the consequence of infection, as determined by the literature, to identify IAs that may pose a risk to wild salmon exposed to aquaculture in British Columbia, Canada. Over an 18-month period, eDNA samples were collected from seven active and four inactive netpen aquaculture sites in the Broughton Archipelago, BC. A meta-analytical mean across 22 IAs showed that the odds of IA detection at active sites was 4.3 (95% confidence interval = 2.3:8.1) times higher than at inactive sites, with 11 IAs in particular demonstrating a pattern consistent with elevated release. Oncorhynchus tshawytscha was the only Pacific salmon species presenting eDNA detections more likely to occur around and within active netpens relative to inactive sites. After considering the evidence of negative consequences of infection (from previous literature) in tandem with release model results, we determined that Tenacibaculum maritimum, Tenacibaculum finnmarkense, Ichthyobodo spp., and Piscine orthoreovirus are potential risks to Pacific salmon exposed to marine netpen aquaculture. These IAs, and others demonstrating patterns consistent with release but with insufficient prior research to evaluate the consequences of infection, require further studies that identify the factors influencing the intensity of release, the spatial extent of release around netpens, and the prevalence of infection in wild fish within known distances from netpens. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4f1fbb17fb78438098469372d65111fa |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-4f1fbb17fb78438098469372d65111fa2024-12-29T12:27:22ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222024-12-0114112210.1038/s41598-024-83250-5Infectious agent release and Pacific salmon exposure at Atlantic salmon farms revealed by environmental DNAArthur L. Bass0Emiliano DiCicco1Karia H. Kaukinen2Shaorong Li3Rick Johnson4John Powell5Victor Isaac6Nicola B. Dedeluk7Andrew W. Bateman8Kristina M. Miller9Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological StationPacific Salmon FoundationFisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological StationFisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological StationKwikwasut’inuxw Haxwa’mis First NationMamalilikulla First Nation‘Namgis First Nation‘Namgis First NationPacific Salmon FoundationFisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological StationAbstract The potential risk posed by infectious agents (IAs) associated with netpen aquaculture to wild fishes is determined based on the “release” of IAs from netpens into the environment, the “exposure” of the wild fish to those released agents, and the “consequence” for wild fish experiencing infection by those agents. Information available to characterize these three factors is often lacking, and the occurrence of transmission from aquaculture to wild fish as well as potential consequences of such transmission are difficult to observe. In this study, we utilized environmental DNA (eDNA) to characterize the release of dozens of IAs from, and exposure of Pacific salmon to, Atlantic salmon aquaculture. We combined these factors with the consequence of infection, as determined by the literature, to identify IAs that may pose a risk to wild salmon exposed to aquaculture in British Columbia, Canada. Over an 18-month period, eDNA samples were collected from seven active and four inactive netpen aquaculture sites in the Broughton Archipelago, BC. A meta-analytical mean across 22 IAs showed that the odds of IA detection at active sites was 4.3 (95% confidence interval = 2.3:8.1) times higher than at inactive sites, with 11 IAs in particular demonstrating a pattern consistent with elevated release. Oncorhynchus tshawytscha was the only Pacific salmon species presenting eDNA detections more likely to occur around and within active netpens relative to inactive sites. After considering the evidence of negative consequences of infection (from previous literature) in tandem with release model results, we determined that Tenacibaculum maritimum, Tenacibaculum finnmarkense, Ichthyobodo spp., and Piscine orthoreovirus are potential risks to Pacific salmon exposed to marine netpen aquaculture. These IAs, and others demonstrating patterns consistent with release but with insufficient prior research to evaluate the consequences of infection, require further studies that identify the factors influencing the intensity of release, the spatial extent of release around netpens, and the prevalence of infection in wild fish within known distances from netpens.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83250-5 |
| spellingShingle | Arthur L. Bass Emiliano DiCicco Karia H. Kaukinen Shaorong Li Rick Johnson John Powell Victor Isaac Nicola B. Dedeluk Andrew W. Bateman Kristina M. Miller Infectious agent release and Pacific salmon exposure at Atlantic salmon farms revealed by environmental DNA Scientific Reports |
| title | Infectious agent release and Pacific salmon exposure at Atlantic salmon farms revealed by environmental DNA |
| title_full | Infectious agent release and Pacific salmon exposure at Atlantic salmon farms revealed by environmental DNA |
| title_fullStr | Infectious agent release and Pacific salmon exposure at Atlantic salmon farms revealed by environmental DNA |
| title_full_unstemmed | Infectious agent release and Pacific salmon exposure at Atlantic salmon farms revealed by environmental DNA |
| title_short | Infectious agent release and Pacific salmon exposure at Atlantic salmon farms revealed by environmental DNA |
| title_sort | infectious agent release and pacific salmon exposure at atlantic salmon farms revealed by environmental dna |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83250-5 |
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