Validation of a Precise Impactor in a Rodent Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Hemi-Contusion Model
Background: Cervical spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are the most common type of human SCI. Although various animal SCI contusion models have been developed to mirror human pathology, few have described cervical-level injuries. This study aims to validate and establish optimal impact parameters to produ...
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| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| Series: | BioMed |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8430/4/4/39 |
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| author | Jose A. Castillo Michael Nhien Le Christopher Pivetti Jordan E. Jackson Edwin Kulubya Zachary Paxton Camille Reed Khadija Soufi Arash Ghaffari Rafi Allan Martin Richard Price Kee Kim Diana Farmer Aijun Wang Rachel Russo |
| author_facet | Jose A. Castillo Michael Nhien Le Christopher Pivetti Jordan E. Jackson Edwin Kulubya Zachary Paxton Camille Reed Khadija Soufi Arash Ghaffari Rafi Allan Martin Richard Price Kee Kim Diana Farmer Aijun Wang Rachel Russo |
| author_sort | Jose A. Castillo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Cervical spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are the most common type of human SCI. Although various animal SCI contusion models have been developed to mirror human pathology, few have described cervical-level injuries. This study aims to validate and establish optimal impact parameters to produce consistent incomplete cervical SCIs for testing novel therapies. Methods: Using a precise impactor, 3 cervical spinal cord hemi-contusions of varying severities were induced by modifying penetration depths and controlling dwell times. Penetration depths of 2.11 mm (<i>n</i> = 4), 2.24 mm (<i>n</i> = 4), and 2.36 mm (<i>n</i> = 3) were used with a dwell time of 0.05 s to create mild, moderate, and severe injuries. Behavioral assessments in weeks 1, 2, 5, and 8 included grooming test, forelimb asymmetry test, and the Irvine, Beatties, and Bresnahan forelimb scale (IBB). After 8 weeks, rats were euthanized, and spinal cord histology was performed. Results: Within each group, animals exhibited consistent motor deficits and functional recovery. Mean IBB scores varied significantly between each group at week 8 (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Ipsilateral forelimb usage significantly improved throughout the study period in the mild (2.11 mm) and moderate (2.24 mm) groups, while the severely (2.36 mm) injured group continued to exhibit 100% asymmetrical forelimb usage. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a precise impactor can create reproducible models of incomplete cervical SCIs. A penetration depth of 2.24 mm resulted in moderate injury with significant motor deficits that slowly improved over time, permitting future therapeutic studies in functional recovery. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4ca0a38a80b94a8ca7a5743f769dd38d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2673-8430 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BioMed |
| spelling | doaj-art-4ca0a38a80b94a8ca7a5743f769dd38d2024-12-27T14:12:24ZengMDPI AGBioMed2673-84302024-11-014452454010.3390/biomed4040039Validation of a Precise Impactor in a Rodent Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Hemi-Contusion ModelJose A. Castillo0Michael Nhien Le1Christopher Pivetti2Jordan E. Jackson3Edwin Kulubya4Zachary Paxton5Camille Reed6Khadija Soufi7Arash Ghaffari Rafi8Allan Martin9Richard Price10Kee Kim11Diana Farmer12Aijun Wang13Rachel Russo14UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USAUC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USAUC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USAUC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USAUC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USAUC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USAUC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USAUC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USAUC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USAUC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USAUC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USAUC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USAUC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USAUC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USAUC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USABackground: Cervical spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are the most common type of human SCI. Although various animal SCI contusion models have been developed to mirror human pathology, few have described cervical-level injuries. This study aims to validate and establish optimal impact parameters to produce consistent incomplete cervical SCIs for testing novel therapies. Methods: Using a precise impactor, 3 cervical spinal cord hemi-contusions of varying severities were induced by modifying penetration depths and controlling dwell times. Penetration depths of 2.11 mm (<i>n</i> = 4), 2.24 mm (<i>n</i> = 4), and 2.36 mm (<i>n</i> = 3) were used with a dwell time of 0.05 s to create mild, moderate, and severe injuries. Behavioral assessments in weeks 1, 2, 5, and 8 included grooming test, forelimb asymmetry test, and the Irvine, Beatties, and Bresnahan forelimb scale (IBB). After 8 weeks, rats were euthanized, and spinal cord histology was performed. Results: Within each group, animals exhibited consistent motor deficits and functional recovery. Mean IBB scores varied significantly between each group at week 8 (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Ipsilateral forelimb usage significantly improved throughout the study period in the mild (2.11 mm) and moderate (2.24 mm) groups, while the severely (2.36 mm) injured group continued to exhibit 100% asymmetrical forelimb usage. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a precise impactor can create reproducible models of incomplete cervical SCIs. A penetration depth of 2.24 mm resulted in moderate injury with significant motor deficits that slowly improved over time, permitting future therapeutic studies in functional recovery.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8430/4/4/39cervical spinal cord injuriesspinal cord contusionprecise impactorpre-clinical model |
| spellingShingle | Jose A. Castillo Michael Nhien Le Christopher Pivetti Jordan E. Jackson Edwin Kulubya Zachary Paxton Camille Reed Khadija Soufi Arash Ghaffari Rafi Allan Martin Richard Price Kee Kim Diana Farmer Aijun Wang Rachel Russo Validation of a Precise Impactor in a Rodent Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Hemi-Contusion Model BioMed cervical spinal cord injuries spinal cord contusion precise impactor pre-clinical model |
| title | Validation of a Precise Impactor in a Rodent Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Hemi-Contusion Model |
| title_full | Validation of a Precise Impactor in a Rodent Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Hemi-Contusion Model |
| title_fullStr | Validation of a Precise Impactor in a Rodent Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Hemi-Contusion Model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Validation of a Precise Impactor in a Rodent Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Hemi-Contusion Model |
| title_short | Validation of a Precise Impactor in a Rodent Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Hemi-Contusion Model |
| title_sort | validation of a precise impactor in a rodent cervical spinal cord injury hemi contusion model |
| topic | cervical spinal cord injuries spinal cord contusion precise impactor pre-clinical model |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8430/4/4/39 |
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