Global Practice Patterns and Variations in the Medical and Surgical Management of Non- Obstructive Azoospermia: Results of a World-Wide Survey, Guidelines and Expert Recommendations

Purpose: Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a common, but complex problem, with multiple therapeutic options and a lack of clear guidelines. Hence, there is considerable controversy and marked variation in the management of NOA. This survey evaluates contemporary global practices related to medi...

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Main Authors:	Amarnath Rambhatla, Rupin Shah, Imad Ziouziou, Priyank Kothari, Gianmaria Salvio, Murat Gul, Taha Hamoda, Parviz Kavoussi, Widi Atmoko, Tuncay Toprak, Ponco Birowo, Edmund Ko, Mohamed Arafa, Ramy Abou Ghayda, Vilvapathy Senguttuvan Karthikeyan, Giorgio Ivan Russo, Germar-Michael Pinggera, Eric Chung, Ahmed M. Harraz, Marlon Martinez, Nguyen Ho Vinh Phuoc, Nicholas Tadros, Ramadan Saleh, Missy Savira, Giovanni M. Colpi, Wael Zohdy, Edoardo Pescatori, Hyun Jun Park, Shinichiro Fukuhara, Akira Tsujimura, Cesar Rojas-Cruz, Angelo Marino, Siu King Mak, Edouard Amar, Wael Ibrahim, Puneet Sindhwani, Naif Alhathal, Gian Maria Busetto, Manaf Al Hashimi, Ahmed El-Sakka, Asci Ramazan, Fotios Dimitriadis, Massimiliano Timpano, Davor Jezek, Baris Altay, Daniel Suslik Zylbersztejn, Michael YC Wong, Du Geon Moon, Christine Wyns, Safar Gamidov, Hamed Akhavizadegan, Alessandro Franceschelli, Kaan Aydos, Nguyen Quang, Shedeed Ashour, Adel Al Dayel, Mohammed S. Al-Marhoon, Sava Micic, Saleh Binsaleh, Alayman Hussein, Haitham Elbardisi, Taymour Mostafa, Jonathan Ramsay, Athanasios Zachariou, Islam Fathy Soliman Abdelrahman, Osvaldo Rajmil, Arif Kalkanli, Juan Manuel Corral Molina, Kadir Bocu, Gede Wirya Kusuma Duarsa, Gökhan Çeker, Ege Can Serefoglu, Fahmi Bahar, Nazim Gherabi, Shinnosuke Kuroda, Abderrazak Bouzouita, Ahmet Gudeloglu, Erman Ceyhan, Mohamed Saeed Mohamed Hasan, Muhammad Ujudud Musa, Ahmad Motawi, Chak-Lam Cho, Hisanori Taniguchi, Christopher Chee Kong Ho, Jesus Fernando Solorzano Vazquez, Shingai Mutambirwa, Nur Dokuzeylul Gungor, Marion Bendayan, Carlo Giulioni, Aykut Baser, Marco Falcone, Luca Boeri, Gideon Blecher, Alireza Kheradmand, Tamilselvi Sethupathy, Ricky Adriansjah, Nima Narimani, Charalampos Konstantinidis, Tuan Thanh Nguyen, Andrian Japari, Parisa Dolati, Keerti Singh, Cevahir Ozer, Selcuk Sarikaya, Nadia Sheibak, Ndagijimana Jean Bosco, Mehmet Serkan Özkent, Sang Thanh Le, Ioannis Sokolakis, Darren Katz, Ryan Smith, Manh Nguyen Truong, Tan V. Le, Zhongwei Huang, Muslim Dogan Deger, Umut Arslan, Gokhan Calik, Giorgio Franco, Ayman Rashed, Oguzhan Kahraman, Sotiris Andreadakis, Rosadi Putra, Giancarlo Balercia, Kareim Khalafalla, Rossella Cannarella, Anh Đặng Tuấn, Amr El Meliegy, Birute Zilaitiene, Marlene Lizbeth Zamora Ramirez, Filippo Giacone, Aldo E. Calogero, Konstantinos Makarounis, Sunil Jindal, Bac Nguyen Hoai, Ravi Banthia, Marcelo Rodriguez Peña, Dharani Moorthy, Aram Adamyan, Deniz Kulaksiz, Hussein Kandil, Nikolaos Sofikitis, Ciro Salzano, Andreas Jungwirth, Surendra Reddy Banka, Tiago Cesar Mierzwa, Tahsin Turunç, Divyanu Jain, Armen Avoyan, Pietro Salacone, Ateş Kadıoğlu, Chirag Gupta, Haocheng Lin, Iman Shamohammadi, Nasser Mogharabian, Trenton Barrett, Yavuz Onur Danacıoğlu, Andrea Crafa, Salima Daoud, Vineet Malhotra, Abdulmalik Almardawi, Osama Mohamed Selim, Mohamad Moussa, Saeid Haghdani, Mesut Berkan Duran, Yannic Kunz, Mirko Preto, Elena Eugeni, Thang Nguyen, Ahmed Rashad Elshahid, Seso Sulijaya Suyono, Dyandra Parikesit, Essam Nada, Eduardo Gutiérrez Orozco, Florence Boitrelle, Nguyen Thi Minh Trang, Mounir Jamali, Raju Nair, Mikhail Ruzaev, Franco Gadda, Charalampos Thomas, Raphael Henrique Ferreira, Umit Gul, Serena Maruccia, Ajay Kanbur, Ella Kinzikeeva, Saad Mohammed Abumelha, Raghavender Kosgi, Fatih Gokalp, Mohammad Ayodhia Soebadi, Gustavo Marquesine Paul, Hesamoddin Sajadi, Deepak Gupte, Rafael F. Ambar, Emrullah Sogutdelen, Karun Singla, Ari Basukarno, Shannon Hee Kyung Kim, Mohammad Ali Sadighi Gilani, Koichi Nagao, Sakti Ronggowardhana Brodjonegoro, Andri Rezano, Mohamed Elkhouly, Rossella Mazzilli, Hasan M. A. Farsi, Hung Nguyen Ba, Hamed Alali, Dimitrios Kafetzis, Tran Quang Tien Long, Sami Alsaid, Hoang Bao Ngoc Cuong, Knigavko Oleksandr, Akhmad Mustafa, Herik Acosta, Hrishikesh Pai, Bahadır Şahin, Eko Arianto, Colin Teo, Sanjay Prakash Jayaprakash, Rinaldo Indra Rachman, Mustafa Gurkan Yenice, Omar Sefrioui, Shivam Priyadarshi, Marko Tanic, Noor Kareem Alfatlaw, Fikri Rizaldi, Ranjit B. Vishwakarma, George Kanakis, Dinesh Thomas Cherian, Joe Lee, Raisa Galstyan, Hakan Keskin, Janan Wurzacher, Doddy Hami Seno, Bambang S Noegroho, Ria Margiana, Qaisar Javed, Fabrizio Castiglioni, Raman Tanwar, Ana Puigvert, Coşkun Kaya, Medianto Purnomo, Chadi Yazbeck, Azwar Amir, Edson Borges, Marina Bellavia, Isaac Ardianson Deswanto, Vinod KV, Giovanni Liguori, Dang Hoang Minh, Kashif Siddiqi, Fulvio Colombo, Armand Zini, Niket Patel, Selahittin Çayan, Ula Al-kawaz, Maged Ragab, Guadalupe Hernández Hebrard, Jean de la Rosette, Ozan Efesoy, Ivan Hoffmann, Thiago Afonso Teixeira, Barış Saylam, Daniela Delgadillo, Ashok Agarwal
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology 2025-01-01
Series:	The World Journal of Men's Health
Subjects:	azoospermia hypogonadism infertility; male semen sperm retrieval
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author	Amarnath Rambhatla Rupin Shah Imad Ziouziou Priyank Kothari Gianmaria Salvio Murat Gul Taha Hamoda Parviz Kavoussi Widi Atmoko Tuncay Toprak Ponco Birowo Edmund Ko Mohamed Arafa Ramy Abou Ghayda Vilvapathy Senguttuvan Karthikeyan Giorgio Ivan Russo Germar-Michael Pinggera Eric Chung Ahmed M. Harraz Marlon Martinez Nguyen Ho Vinh Phuoc Nicholas Tadros Ramadan Saleh Missy Savira Giovanni M. Colpi Wael Zohdy Edoardo Pescatori Hyun Jun Park Shinichiro Fukuhara Akira Tsujimura Cesar Rojas-Cruz Angelo Marino Siu King Mak Edouard Amar Wael Ibrahim Puneet Sindhwani Naif Alhathal Gian Maria Busetto Manaf Al Hashimi Ahmed El-Sakka Asci Ramazan Fotios Dimitriadis Massimiliano Timpano Davor Jezek Baris Altay Daniel Suslik Zylbersztejn Michael YC Wong Du Geon Moon Christine Wyns Safar Gamidov Hamed Akhavizadegan Alessandro Franceschelli Kaan Aydos Nguyen Quang Shedeed Ashour Adel Al Dayel Mohammed S. Al-Marhoon Sava Micic Saleh Binsaleh Alayman Hussein Haitham Elbardisi Taymour Mostafa Jonathan Ramsay Athanasios Zachariou Islam Fathy Soliman Abdelrahman Osvaldo Rajmil Arif Kalkanli Juan Manuel Corral Molina Kadir Bocu Gede Wirya Kusuma Duarsa Gökhan Çeker Ege Can Serefoglu Fahmi Bahar Nazim Gherabi Shinnosuke Kuroda Abderrazak Bouzouita Ahmet Gudeloglu Erman Ceyhan Mohamed Saeed Mohamed Hasan Muhammad Ujudud Musa Ahmad Motawi Chak-Lam Cho Hisanori Taniguchi Christopher Chee Kong Ho Jesus Fernando Solorzano Vazquez Shingai Mutambirwa Nur Dokuzeylul Gungor Marion Bendayan Carlo Giulioni Aykut Baser Marco Falcone Luca Boeri Gideon Blecher Alireza Kheradmand Tamilselvi Sethupathy Ricky Adriansjah Nima Narimani Charalampos Konstantinidis Tuan Thanh Nguyen Andrian Japari Parisa Dolati Keerti Singh Cevahir Ozer Selcuk Sarikaya Nadia Sheibak Ndagijimana Jean Bosco Mehmet Serkan Özkent Sang Thanh Le Ioannis Sokolakis Darren Katz Ryan Smith Manh Nguyen Truong Tan V. Le Zhongwei Huang Muslim Dogan Deger Umut Arslan Gokhan Calik Giorgio Franco Ayman Rashed Oguzhan Kahraman Sotiris Andreadakis Rosadi Putra Giancarlo Balercia Kareim Khalafalla Rossella Cannarella Anh Đặng Tuấn Amr El Meliegy Birute Zilaitiene Marlene Lizbeth Zamora Ramirez Filippo Giacone Aldo E. Calogero Konstantinos Makarounis Sunil Jindal Bac Nguyen Hoai Ravi Banthia Marcelo Rodriguez Peña Dharani Moorthy Aram Adamyan Deniz Kulaksiz Hussein Kandil Nikolaos Sofikitis Ciro Salzano Andreas Jungwirth Surendra Reddy Banka Tiago Cesar Mierzwa Tahsin Turunç Divyanu Jain Armen Avoyan Pietro Salacone Ateş Kadıoğlu Chirag Gupta Haocheng Lin Iman Shamohammadi Nasser Mogharabian Trenton Barrett Yavuz Onur Danacıoğlu Andrea Crafa Salima Daoud Vineet Malhotra Abdulmalik Almardawi Osama Mohamed Selim Mohamad Moussa Saeid Haghdani Mesut Berkan Duran Yannic Kunz Mirko Preto Elena Eugeni Thang Nguyen Ahmed Rashad Elshahid Seso Sulijaya Suyono Dyandra Parikesit Essam Nada Eduardo Gutiérrez Orozco Florence Boitrelle Nguyen Thi Minh Trang Mounir Jamali Raju Nair Mikhail Ruzaev Franco Gadda Charalampos Thomas Raphael Henrique Ferreira Umit Gul Serena Maruccia Ajay Kanbur Ella Kinzikeeva Saad Mohammed Abumelha Raghavender Kosgi Fatih Gokalp Mohammad Ayodhia Soebadi Gustavo Marquesine Paul Hesamoddin Sajadi Deepak Gupte Rafael F. Ambar Emrullah Sogutdelen Karun Singla Ari Basukarno Shannon Hee Kyung Kim Mohammad Ali Sadighi Gilani Koichi Nagao Sakti Ronggowardhana Brodjonegoro Andri Rezano Mohamed Elkhouly Rossella Mazzilli Hasan M. A. Farsi Hung Nguyen Ba Hamed Alali Dimitrios Kafetzis Tran Quang Tien Long Sami Alsaid Hoang Bao Ngoc Cuong Knigavko Oleksandr Akhmad Mustafa Herik Acosta Hrishikesh Pai Bahadır Şahin Eko Arianto Colin Teo Sanjay Prakash Jayaprakash Rinaldo Indra Rachman Mustafa Gurkan Yenice Omar Sefrioui Shivam Priyadarshi Marko Tanic Noor Kareem Alfatlaw Fikri Rizaldi Ranjit B. Vishwakarma George Kanakis Dinesh Thomas Cherian Joe Lee Raisa Galstyan Hakan Keskin Janan Wurzacher Doddy Hami Seno Bambang S Noegroho Ria Margiana Qaisar Javed Fabrizio Castiglioni Raman Tanwar Ana Puigvert Coşkun Kaya Medianto Purnomo Chadi Yazbeck Azwar Amir Edson Borges Marina Bellavia Isaac Ardianson Deswanto Vinod KV Giovanni Liguori Dang Hoang Minh Kashif Siddiqi Fulvio Colombo Armand Zini Niket Patel Selahittin Çayan Ula Al-kawaz Maged Ragab Guadalupe Hernández Hebrard Jean de la Rosette Ozan Efesoy Ivan Hoffmann Thiago Afonso Teixeira Barış Saylam Daniela Delgadillo Ashok Agarwal
author_facet	Amarnath Rambhatla Rupin Shah Imad Ziouziou Priyank Kothari Gianmaria Salvio Murat Gul Taha Hamoda Parviz Kavoussi Widi Atmoko Tuncay Toprak Ponco Birowo Edmund Ko Mohamed Arafa Ramy Abou Ghayda Vilvapathy Senguttuvan Karthikeyan Giorgio Ivan Russo Germar-Michael Pinggera Eric Chung Ahmed M. Harraz Marlon Martinez Nguyen Ho Vinh Phuoc Nicholas Tadros Ramadan Saleh Missy Savira Giovanni M. Colpi Wael Zohdy Edoardo Pescatori Hyun Jun Park Shinichiro Fukuhara Akira Tsujimura Cesar Rojas-Cruz Angelo Marino Siu King Mak Edouard Amar Wael Ibrahim Puneet Sindhwani Naif Alhathal Gian Maria Busetto Manaf Al Hashimi Ahmed El-Sakka Asci Ramazan Fotios Dimitriadis Massimiliano Timpano Davor Jezek Baris Altay Daniel Suslik Zylbersztejn Michael YC Wong Du Geon Moon Christine Wyns Safar Gamidov Hamed Akhavizadegan Alessandro Franceschelli Kaan Aydos Nguyen Quang Shedeed Ashour Adel Al Dayel Mohammed S. Al-Marhoon Sava Micic Saleh Binsaleh Alayman Hussein Haitham Elbardisi Taymour Mostafa Jonathan Ramsay Athanasios Zachariou Islam Fathy Soliman Abdelrahman Osvaldo Rajmil Arif Kalkanli Juan Manuel Corral Molina Kadir Bocu Gede Wirya Kusuma Duarsa Gökhan Çeker Ege Can Serefoglu Fahmi Bahar Nazim Gherabi Shinnosuke Kuroda Abderrazak Bouzouita Ahmet Gudeloglu Erman Ceyhan Mohamed Saeed Mohamed Hasan Muhammad Ujudud Musa Ahmad Motawi Chak-Lam Cho Hisanori Taniguchi Christopher Chee Kong Ho Jesus Fernando Solorzano Vazquez Shingai Mutambirwa Nur Dokuzeylul Gungor Marion Bendayan Carlo Giulioni Aykut Baser Marco Falcone Luca Boeri Gideon Blecher Alireza Kheradmand Tamilselvi Sethupathy Ricky Adriansjah Nima Narimani Charalampos Konstantinidis Tuan Thanh Nguyen Andrian Japari Parisa Dolati Keerti Singh Cevahir Ozer Selcuk Sarikaya Nadia Sheibak Ndagijimana Jean Bosco Mehmet Serkan Özkent Sang Thanh Le Ioannis Sokolakis Darren Katz Ryan Smith Manh Nguyen Truong Tan V. Le Zhongwei Huang Muslim Dogan Deger Umut Arslan Gokhan Calik Giorgio Franco Ayman Rashed Oguzhan Kahraman Sotiris Andreadakis Rosadi Putra Giancarlo Balercia Kareim Khalafalla Rossella Cannarella Anh Đặng Tuấn Amr El Meliegy Birute Zilaitiene Marlene Lizbeth Zamora Ramirez Filippo Giacone Aldo E. Calogero Konstantinos Makarounis Sunil Jindal Bac Nguyen Hoai Ravi Banthia Marcelo Rodriguez Peña Dharani Moorthy Aram Adamyan Deniz Kulaksiz Hussein Kandil Nikolaos Sofikitis Ciro Salzano Andreas Jungwirth Surendra Reddy Banka Tiago Cesar Mierzwa Tahsin Turunç Divyanu Jain Armen Avoyan Pietro Salacone Ateş Kadıoğlu Chirag Gupta Haocheng Lin Iman Shamohammadi Nasser Mogharabian Trenton Barrett Yavuz Onur Danacıoğlu Andrea Crafa Salima Daoud Vineet Malhotra Abdulmalik Almardawi Osama Mohamed Selim Mohamad Moussa Saeid Haghdani Mesut Berkan Duran Yannic Kunz Mirko Preto Elena Eugeni Thang Nguyen Ahmed Rashad Elshahid Seso Sulijaya Suyono Dyandra Parikesit Essam Nada Eduardo Gutiérrez Orozco Florence Boitrelle Nguyen Thi Minh Trang Mounir Jamali Raju Nair Mikhail Ruzaev Franco Gadda Charalampos Thomas Raphael Henrique Ferreira Umit Gul Serena Maruccia Ajay Kanbur Ella Kinzikeeva Saad Mohammed Abumelha Raghavender Kosgi Fatih Gokalp Mohammad Ayodhia Soebadi Gustavo Marquesine Paul Hesamoddin Sajadi Deepak Gupte Rafael F. Ambar Emrullah Sogutdelen Karun Singla Ari Basukarno Shannon Hee Kyung Kim Mohammad Ali Sadighi Gilani Koichi Nagao Sakti Ronggowardhana Brodjonegoro Andri Rezano Mohamed Elkhouly Rossella Mazzilli Hasan M. A. Farsi Hung Nguyen Ba Hamed Alali Dimitrios Kafetzis Tran Quang Tien Long Sami Alsaid Hoang Bao Ngoc Cuong Knigavko Oleksandr Akhmad Mustafa Herik Acosta Hrishikesh Pai Bahadır Şahin Eko Arianto Colin Teo Sanjay Prakash Jayaprakash Rinaldo Indra Rachman Mustafa Gurkan Yenice Omar Sefrioui Shivam Priyadarshi Marko Tanic Noor Kareem Alfatlaw Fikri Rizaldi Ranjit B. Vishwakarma George Kanakis Dinesh Thomas Cherian Joe Lee Raisa Galstyan Hakan Keskin Janan Wurzacher Doddy Hami Seno Bambang S Noegroho Ria Margiana Qaisar Javed Fabrizio Castiglioni Raman Tanwar Ana Puigvert Coşkun Kaya Medianto Purnomo Chadi Yazbeck Azwar Amir Edson Borges Marina Bellavia Isaac Ardianson Deswanto Vinod KV Giovanni Liguori Dang Hoang Minh Kashif Siddiqi Fulvio Colombo Armand Zini Niket Patel Selahittin Çayan Ula Al-kawaz Maged Ragab Guadalupe Hernández Hebrard Jean de la Rosette Ozan Efesoy Ivan Hoffmann Thiago Afonso Teixeira Barış Saylam Daniela Delgadillo Ashok Agarwal
author_sort	Amarnath Rambhatla
collection	DOAJ
description	Purpose: Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a common, but complex problem, with multiple therapeutic options and a lack of clear guidelines. Hence, there is considerable controversy and marked variation in the management of NOA. This survey evaluates contemporary global practices related to medical and surgical management for patients with NOA. Materials and Methods: A 56-question online survey covering various aspects of the evaluation and management of NOA was sent to specialists around the globe. This paper analyzes the results of the second half of the survey dealing with the management of NOA. Results have been compared to current guidelines, and expert recommendations have been provided using a Delphi process. Results: Participants from 49 countries submitted 336 valid responses. Hormonal therapy for 3 to 6 months was suggested before surgical sperm retrieval (SSR) by 29.6% and 23.6% of participants for normogonadotropic hypogonadism and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism respectively. The SSR rate was reported as 50.0% by 26.0% to 50.0% of participants. Interestingly, 46.0% reported successful SSR in <10% of men with Klinefelter syndrome and 41.3% routinely recommended preimplantation genetic testing. Varicocele repair prior to SSR is recommended by 57.7%. Half of the respondents (57.4%) reported using ultrasound to identify the most vascularized areas in the testis for SSR. One-third proceed directly to microdissection testicular sperm extraction (mTESE) in every case of NOA while others use a staged approach. After a failed conventional TESE, 23.8% wait for 3 months, while 33.1% wait for 6 months before proceeding to mTESE. The cut-off of follicle-stimulating hormone for positive SSR was reported to be 12–19 IU/mL by 22.5% of participants and 20–40 IU/mL by 27.8%, while 31.8% reported no upper limit. Conclusions: This is the largest survey to date on the real-world medical and surgical management of NOA by reproductive experts. It demonstrates a diverse practice pattern and highlights the need for evidence-based international consensus guidelines.
format	Article
id	doaj-art-4c8f00ef5a1d47ac896b7236cff3fcfe
institution	Kabale University
issn	2287-4208 2287-4690
language	English
publishDate	2025-01-01
publisher	Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology
record_format	Article
series	The World Journal of Men's Health
spelling	doaj-art-4c8f00ef5a1d47ac896b7236cff3fcfe2025-01-06T03:55:14ZengKorean Society for Sexual Medicine and AndrologyThe World Journal of Men's Health2287-42082287-46902025-01-014319212210.5534/wjmh.230339Global Practice Patterns and Variations in the Medical and Surgical Management of Non- Obstructive Azoospermia: Results of a World-Wide Survey, Guidelines and Expert RecommendationsAmarnath Rambhatla0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1383-6670Rupin Shah1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-5949Imad Ziouziou2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9844-6080Priyank Kothari3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3940-952XGianmaria Salvio4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9290-5699Murat Gul5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6657-6227Taha Hamoda6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8070-4088Parviz Kavoussi7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7390-5837Widi Atmoko8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7793-7083Tuncay Toprak9https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1348-5273Ponco Birowo10https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2934-6753Edmund Ko11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7465-3616Mohamed Arafa12https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0107-8857Ramy Abou Ghayda13https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5170-3983Vilvapathy Senguttuvan Karthikeyan14https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-476XGiorgio Ivan Russo15https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-7353Germar-Michael Pinggera16https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6463-2494Eric Chung17https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3373-3668Ahmed M. Harraz18https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8902-517XMarlon Martinez19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1191-8154Nguyen Ho Vinh Phuoc20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4348-6034Nicholas Tadros21https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2272-235XRamadan Saleh22https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0503-3533Missy Savira23https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3492-432XGiovanni M. Colpi24https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-1777Wael Zohdy25https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9148-1425Edoardo Pescatori26https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9326-5598Hyun Jun Park27https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0566-9574Shinichiro Fukuhara28https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1336-4316Akira Tsujimura29https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3821-5184Cesar Rojas-Cruz30https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3978-491XAngelo Marino31https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-8153Siu King Mak32https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1179-2608Edouard Amar33https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0617-8024Wael Ibrahim34https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1651-8598Puneet Sindhwani35https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9420-2978Naif Alhathal36https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7516-3187Gian Maria Busetto37https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7291-0316Manaf Al Hashimi38https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2458-179XAhmed El-Sakka39https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8671-5952Asci Ramazan40https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2119-8963Fotios Dimitriadis41https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1198-9144Massimiliano Timpano42https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2507-6728Davor Jezek43https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-5462Baris Altay44https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3101-8022Daniel Suslik Zylbersztejn45https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1481-0296Michael YC Wong46https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7136-7852Du Geon Moon47https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9031-9845Christine Wyns48https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6581-5003Safar Gamidov49https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9128-2714Hamed Akhavizadegan50https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5432-7311Alessandro Franceschelli51https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3021-0028Kaan Aydos52https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7691-5459Nguyen Quang53https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1670-8885Shedeed Ashour54https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7742-8932Adel Al Dayel55https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1110-0360Mohammed S. Al-Marhoon56https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8397-1560Sava Micic57https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9037-3318Saleh Binsaleh58https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8946-4749Alayman Hussein59https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0622-6556Haitham Elbardisi60https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3902-7924Taymour Mostafa61https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3627-0662Jonathan Ramsay62https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-7698Athanasios Zachariou63https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5287-4450Islam Fathy Soliman Abdelrahman64https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6469-5858Osvaldo Rajmil65https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1987-9206Arif Kalkanli66https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6509-4720Juan Manuel Corral Molina67https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1423-0256Kadir Bocu68https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4323-4037Gede Wirya Kusuma Duarsa69https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0642-159XGökhan Çeker70https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7891-9450Ege Can Serefoglu71https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2530-7012Fahmi Bahar72https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7027-9436Nazim Gherabi73https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7364-047XShinnosuke Kuroda74https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8890-0297Abderrazak Bouzouita75https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9644-0745Ahmet Gudeloglu76https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2927-9597Erman Ceyhan77https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8223-6399Mohamed Saeed Mohamed Hasan78https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8814-7741Muhammad Ujudud Musa79https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9612-0397Ahmad Motawi80https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0962-0604Chak-Lam Cho81https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2520-6833Hisanori Taniguchi82https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1487-4609Christopher Chee Kong Ho83https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8757-6867Jesus Fernando Solorzano Vazquez84https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4354-8351Shingai Mutambirwa85https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1414-0218Nur Dokuzeylul Gungor86https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7234-3876Marion Bendayan87https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1633-7735Carlo Giulioni88https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9934-4011Aykut Baser89https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0457-512XMarco Falcone90https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1101-892XLuca Boeri91https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0040-784XGideon Blecher92https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8275-3273Alireza Kheradmand93https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-6935Tamilselvi Sethupathy94https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9842-3279Ricky Adriansjah95https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9733-3092Nima Narimani96https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5246-526XCharalampos Konstantinidis97https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4689-6899Tuan Thanh Nguyen98https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4309-8082Andrian Japari99https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4733-6313Parisa Dolati100https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1591-6180Keerti Singh101https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7532-1229Cevahir Ozer102https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7850-6912Selcuk Sarikaya103https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6426-1398Nadia Sheibak104https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8617-4727Ndagijimana Jean Bosco105https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9005-5862Mehmet Serkan Özkent106https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6613-0671Sang Thanh Le107https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6032-2915Ioannis Sokolakis108https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1938-8004Darren Katz109https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0861-5643Ryan Smith110https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3880-9740Manh Nguyen Truong111https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5924-841XTan V. Le112https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1766-7453Zhongwei Huang113https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4061-9321Muslim Dogan Deger114https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5095-7770Umut Arslan115https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3862-3644Gokhan Calik116https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9976-9666Giorgio Franco117https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3653-3389Ayman Rashed118https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1994-2228Oguzhan Kahraman119https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3691-8617Sotiris Andreadakis120https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0367-6105Rosadi Putra121https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3423-7578Giancarlo Balercia122https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1286-1521Kareim Khalafalla123https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9476-4869Rossella Cannarella124https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4599-8487Anh Đặng Tuấn125https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-6493Amr El Meliegy126https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0068-0985Birute Zilaitiene127https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4082-4843Marlene Lizbeth Zamora Ramirez128https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2871-3646Filippo Giacone129https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0510-4039Aldo E. Calogero130https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6950-335XKonstantinos Makarounis131https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3971-8330Sunil Jindal132https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8088-8710Bac Nguyen Hoai133https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1608-8812Ravi Banthia134https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8723-9732Marcelo Rodriguez Peña135https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2437-7833Dharani Moorthy136https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2216-6901Aram Adamyan137https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7213-7212Deniz Kulaksiz138https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2351-1367Hussein Kandil139https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5549-3274Nikolaos Sofikitis140https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1528-4029Ciro Salzano141https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7966-7868Andreas Jungwirth142https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3954-9813Surendra Reddy Banka143https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2356-1102Tiago Cesar Mierzwa144https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7574-9540Tahsin Turunç145https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7936-2172Divyanu Jain146https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7883-3470Armen Avoyan147https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0495-6582Pietro Salacone148https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1757-1948Ateş Kadıoğlu149https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4239-7638Chirag Gupta150https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6343-9211Haocheng Lin151https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5333-6611Iman Shamohammadi152https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9955-6257Nasser Mogharabian153https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8795-973XTrenton Barrett154https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5838-8309Yavuz Onur Danacıoğlu155https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3170-062XAndrea Crafa156https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8311-9095Salima Daoud157https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4330-7363Vineet Malhotra158https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6760-0885Abdulmalik Almardawi159https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1164-7734Osama Mohamed Selim160https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1304-1293Mohamad Moussa161https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8571-2768Saeid Haghdani162https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8025-5753Mesut Berkan Duran163https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8597-2081Yannic Kunz164https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7525-5559Mirko Preto165https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8144-6498Elena Eugeni166https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1028-0555Thang Nguyen167https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3497-3356Ahmed Rashad Elshahid168https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6471-2539Seso Sulijaya Suyono169https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6903-9558Dyandra Parikesit170https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5779-2713Essam Nada171https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0986-2486Eduardo Gutiérrez Orozco172https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1446-5314Florence Boitrelle173https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5322-0141Nguyen Thi Minh Trang174https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5699-548XMounir Jamali175https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1519-7363Raju Nair176https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0024-6153Mikhail Ruzaev177https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5258-2813Franco Gadda178https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-1252Charalampos Thomas179https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0139-2221Raphael Henrique Ferreira180https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5160-4846Umit Gul181https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3249-0895Serena Maruccia182https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0008-1117Ajay Kanbur183https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7653-5533Ella Kinzikeeva184https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6805-1144Saad Mohammed Abumelha185https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1885-3856Raghavender Kosgi186https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2178-0857Fatih Gokalp187https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3099-3317Mohammad Ayodhia Soebadi188https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2605-1263Gustavo Marquesine Paul189https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5099-853XHesamoddin Sajadi190https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7198-0312Deepak Gupte191https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8522-2299Rafael F. Ambar192https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3496-2895Emrullah Sogutdelen193https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-5672Karun Singla194https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2974-1075Ari Basukarno195https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9580-7792Shannon Hee Kyung Kim196https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3203-5120Mohammad Ali Sadighi Gilani197https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6168-8599Koichi Nagao198https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2798-4567Sakti Ronggowardhana Brodjonegoro199https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4091-2384Andri Rezano200https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2550-8794Mohamed Elkhouly201https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5990-7190Rossella Mazzilli202https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6707-3413Hasan M. A. Farsi203https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1136-8623Hung Nguyen Ba204https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7051-3360Hamed Alali205https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-4358Dimitrios Kafetzis206https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4821-4505Tran Quang Tien Long207https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8905-3130Sami Alsaid208https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1209-1283Hoang Bao Ngoc Cuong209https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1640-0319Knigavko Oleksandr210https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8870-3450Akhmad Mustafa211https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5631-9174Herik Acosta212https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4484-4750Hrishikesh Pai213https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2907-5861Bahadır Şahin214https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4874-4178Eko Arianto215https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1417-3928Colin Teo216https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-5604Sanjay Prakash Jayaprakash217https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8758-9441Rinaldo Indra Rachman218https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4666-805XMustafa Gurkan Yenice219https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5813-3565Omar Sefrioui220https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7721-8911Shivam Priyadarshi221https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8521-6892Marko Tanic222https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5159-2128Noor Kareem Alfatlaw223https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5682-5007Fikri Rizaldi224https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4588-6584Ranjit B. Vishwakarma225https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6784-2830George Kanakis226https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3526-8379Dinesh Thomas Cherian227https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3455-9262Joe Lee228https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0997-2757Raisa Galstyan229https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9738-5087Hakan Keskin230https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5197-3230Janan Wurzacher231https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8097-9850Doddy Hami Seno232https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8189-7275Bambang S Noegroho233https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4034-8899Ria Margiana234https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6747-0117Qaisar Javed235https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6827-0184Fabrizio Castiglioni236https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0934-7468Raman Tanwar237https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6609-8408Ana Puigvert238https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9997-1269Coşkun Kaya239https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7445-2304Medianto Purnomo240https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-4836Chadi Yazbeck241https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5759-7771Azwar Amir242https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4134-5593Edson Borges243https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4971-1925Marina Bellavia244https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5858-5246Isaac Ardianson Deswanto245https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3816-5172Vinod KV246https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0346-8974Giovanni Liguori247https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2431-5296Dang Hoang Minh248https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8699-1399Kashif Siddiqi249https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6328-0164Fulvio Colombo250https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4049-9769Armand Zini251https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2194-5578Niket Patel252https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9706-8540Selahittin Çayan253https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4784-2208Ula Al-kawaz254https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3998-2665Maged Ragab255https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4790-3322Guadalupe Hernández Hebrard256https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1739-8882Jean de la Rosette257https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6308-1763Ozan Efesoy258https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5650-1686Ivan Hoffmann259https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6102-2376Thiago Afonso Teixeira260https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6598-2442Barış Saylam261https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3256-8752Daniela Delgadillo262https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5019-4003Ashok Agarwal263https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0585-1026Department of Urology, Henry Ford Health System, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Detroit, MI, USADivision of Andrology, Department of Urology, Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, IndiaDepartment of Urology, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, MoroccoDepartment of Urology, Topiwala National Medical College, B.Y.L Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaDepartment of Endocrinology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Urology, Selçuk University School of Medicine, Konya, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Reproductive Urology, Austin Fertility & Reproductive Medicine/Westlake IVF, Austin, TX, USA,Department of Urology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, IndonesiaDepartment of Urology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, IndonesiaDepartment of Urology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, USADepartment of Urology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QatarUrology Institute, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USAAndrology Unit, Department of Urology, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, IndiaDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyDepartment of Urology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDepartment of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, AustraliaDepartment of Urology, Mansoura University Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, EgyptSection of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, PhilippinesDepartment of Andrology, Binh Dan Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamDivision of Urology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USADepartment of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, EgyptDepartment of Urology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, IndonesiaAndrology and IVF Center, Next Fertility Procrea, Lugano, SwitzerlandDepartment of Andrology, Sexology and STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, EgyptAndrology and Reproductive Medicine Unit, Next Fertility GynePro, Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Urology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, BusanDepartment of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, OsakaDepartment of Urology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, JapanDepartment of Urology, University Hospital of Rostock, Rostock, GermanyReproductive Medicine Unit, ANDROS Day Surgery Clinic, Palermo, ItalyDepartment of Surgery, Union Hospital Reproductive Medicine Centre (Tsim Sha Tsui), Kowloon, ChinaDepartment of Urology, American Hospital of Paris, Paris, FranceDepartment of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Fertility Care Center in Cairo, Cairo, EgyptDepartment of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USADepartment of Urology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Urology and Organ Transplantation, University of Foggia, Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Urology, Burjeel Hospital, Abu DhabiDepartment of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, EgyptDepartment of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey1st Urology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Urology, Molinette Hospital, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Torino, ItalyDepartment for Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation Biology, Reproductive Tissue Bank, University Hospital Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Urology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, TurkeyDepartment of Surgery, Discipline of Urology, Fleury Group and Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, BrazilDepartment of Andrology, International Urology, Fertility and Gynecology Centre, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, SingaporeDepartment of Urology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Gynaecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, BelgiumV.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Urology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranAndrology Unit, University Hospital S. Orsola, Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Urology, Ankara University, Ankara, TurkeyCenter for Andrology and Sexual Medicine, Viet Duc University Hospital, Hanoi, VietnamDepartment of Andrology, Sexology and STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, EgyptMen's Health Clinic Dammam, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaDivision of Urology, Department of Surgery, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, OmanDepartment of Andrology, Uromedica Polyclinic, Belgrade, SerbiaDivision of Urology, Deparment of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, EgyptDepartment of Urology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QatarDepartment of Andrology, Sexology and STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, EgyptDepartment of Andrology, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UKDepartment of Urology, Ioannina University School of Medicine, Ioannina, GreeceDepartment of Andrology, Sexology and STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, EgyptDepartment of Andrology, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Urology, Taksim Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, Hospital Clínico de Barcelona, Barcelona, SpainUrology Department, Niğde Omer Halis Demir University, Faculty of Medicine, Sirnak, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, Udayana University, Denpasar, IndonesiaDepartment of Urology, Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, Biruni University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TurkeyAndrology Section, Siloam Sriwijaya Hospital, Palembang, IndonesiaDepartment of Medicine, University of Algiers 1, Algiers, AlgeriaDepartment of Urology, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USADepartment of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty Tunis Manar, Tunis, TunisiaDepartment of Urology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, TurkeyDepartment of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptUrology Unit, Department of Surgery, Federal Medical Center, Katsina State, NigeriaDepartment of Andrology, Sexology and STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, EgyptDepartment of Surgery, S. H. Ho Urology Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong KongDepartment of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, JapanDepartment of Surgery, School of Medicine, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, MalaysiaIVF Department, CITMER Reproductive Medicine, Mexico City, MexicoDepartment of Urology, Dr. George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Medunsa, South AfricaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and IVF Unit, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, TurkeyDepartment of Reproductive Biology, Fertility Preservation, Andrology, CECOS, Poissy Hospital, Poissy, FranceDepartment of Urology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University, Balıkesir, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, Molinette Hospital, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Torino, ItalyDepartment of Urology, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, AustraliaDepartment of Urology, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, CK Medical Centre Hospital, Erode, IndiaDepartment of Urology, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Padjadjaran University, Bandung, IndonesiaDepartment of Urology, School of Medicine, Hasheminejad Kidney Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, IranUrology and Neuro-Urology Unit, National Rehabilitation Center, Athens, GreeceDepartment of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USADepartment of Urology, Fertility Clinic, Telogorejo Hospital, Central Java, IndonesiaDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, IranDepartment of Preclinical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of West Indies, BridgetownDepartment of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, Gulhane Research and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, TurkeyDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDepartment of Dermatology, Venereology & Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, EgyptDepartment of Urology, Konya City Hospital, Konya, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, EgyptDepartment of Urology, Martha-Maria Hospital Nuremberg, Nuremberg, GermanyMen’s Health Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Urology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA117Fertility Centre, Hanh Phuc International Hospital, Binh Duong, VietnamDepartment of Andrology, Binh Dan Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Health Systems, SingaporeDepartment of Urology, Edirne Sultan 1st Murat State Hospital, Edirne, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, 6th of October University, Giza, EgyptDepartment of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, TurkeyPrivate Practice, Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Urology, RSUD Ciawi Regional General Hospital, West Java, IndonesiaDepartment of Endocrinology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, AustraliaDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyTam Anh IVF Center, Tam Anh General Hospital, Hanoi, VietnamDepartment of Andrology, Sexology and STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, EgyptInstitute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, LithuaniaReproductive Medicine Unit, Español Hospital, Mexico City, MexicoHERA Center, Unit of Reproductive Medicine, Sant'Agata Li Battiati, Catania, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyDepartment of Urology and Andrology, Locus Medicus, Athens, GreeceDepartment of Andrology & Reproductive Medicine, Jindal Hospital & Fertility Center, Meerut, IndiaDepartment of Andrology and Sexual Medicine, Hanoi Medical University Hospital, Hanoi, VietnamDepartment of Urology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UKInstitute of Gynecology and Fertility (IFER), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaIVF Department, Swarupa Fertility & IVF Centre, Vijayawada, IndiaDepartment of Urology, Astghik Medical Center, Yerevan, ArmeniaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Trabzon, TurkeyFakih IVF Fertility Center, Abu Dhabi, UAEDepartment of Urology, Ioannina University School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece,PO San Giovanni Bosco, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Napoli, ItalySt. Barabara Private Clinic, Bad Vigaun, AustriaDepartment of Andrology, Androcare Institute of Andrology and Men's Health, Hyderabad, IndiaDepartment of Urology, Centro Universitario em Saude do ABC, Santo André, BrazilUrology Clinic, Iskenderun Gelisim Hospital, Iskenderun, TurkeyDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jaipur Golden Hospital, New Delhi, IndiaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Trabzon, TurkeyAndrology and Pathophysiology of Reproduction Unit, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, Latina, ItalySection of Andrology, Department of Urology, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, IndiaDepartment of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Urology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranSexual Health and Fertility Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, IranPerth Urology Clinic, Perth, WA, AustraliaDepartment of Urology, University of Health Science, Istanbul Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, TurkeyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyLaboratory of Histo-Embryology and Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, TunisiaDepartment of Urology and Andrology, VNA Hospital, New Delhi, IndiaDepartment of Urology, Prince Sultan Millitary Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Andrology, Sexology and STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, EgyptDepartment of Urology, Lebanese University, Beirut, LebanonAndrology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Science Institute, Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center, Isfahan, IranDepartment of Urology, Pamukkale University School of Medicine, Denizli, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDepartment of Urology, Molinette Hospital, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Torino, ItalyDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, ItalyDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Trabzon, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, 6th of October University, Giza, EgyptGladiool IVF, Magelang, IndonesiaDepartment of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Depok, IndonesiaDepartment of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, EgyptIVF Department, CITMER Reproductive Medicine, Nuevo Leon, MexicoDepartment of Reproductive Biology, Fertility Preservation, Andrology, CECOS, Poissy Hospital, Poissy, FranceDepartment of Urology, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamDepartment of Urology, Military Teaching Hospital, Rabat, MoroccoDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, Mitera Hospital, Kottayam, IndiaUrology Clinic, Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Urology, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, ItalyUrology and Neuro-Urology Unit, National Rehabilitation Center, Athens, GreeceDepartment of Urology, Santa Casa de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, BrazilPrivate EPC Hospital, Adana, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Milano, ItalyDepartment of Andrology, Kanbur Clinic, Thane, IndiaAndrology Unit, Zucchi Clinical Institutes, Monza, ItalyDepartment of Urology, Prince Sultan Millitary Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Andrology and Men’s Health, Apollo Hospitals, Hyderabad, IndiaDepartment of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, IndonesiaDepartment of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, IranDepartment of Urology, Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Center, Mumbai, IndiaDepartment of Urology, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, Centro Universitario em Saude do ABC, Santo André, BrazilUrology Department, Clarity Health, Chandigarh, IndiaDepartment of Urology, Dr. Dradjat Hospital, Serang, IndonesiaIVF Australia, Sydney, AustraliaDepartment of Urology, Macquarie University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sydney, AustraliaDepartment of Urology, Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Center, Mumbai, IndiaDepartment of Urology, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDivision of Urology, Department of Surgery, Prof. Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, IndonesiaAndrology Study Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, IndonesiaIVF Department, Bourn Hall Fertility Center, Dubai, UAEUnit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Urology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaAndrology Unit, ART Center, Vinmec Times City International Hospital, Hanoi, VietnamDepartment of Urology, Macquarie University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sydney, AustraliaOrchid IVF Clinic, Dubai, UAEDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hanoi Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Hanoi, VietnamDepartment of Andrology, Sexology and STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, EgyptDepartment of Surgery, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, VietnamDepartment of Urology, Nephrology and Andrology Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, UkraineDepartment of Urology, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Padjadjaran University, Bandung, IndonesiaDepartment of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, JapanIVF Department, Bloom IVF Group, Mombai, IndiaDepartment of Urology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, Prof R.D. Kandou Hospital, Manado, IndonesiaDepartment of Urology, Gleneagles Hospital, SingaporeAndrology Unit, Department of Urology, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, IndiaDepartment of Urology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, IndonesiaDepartment of Urology, University of Health Science, Istanbul Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, TurkeyAfrican Fertility Center, Casablanca, MoroccoDepartment of Urology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, IndiaDepartment of Urology, General Hospital, Cuprija, SerbiaFertility Center of Al-Najaf, Al-Sadr Medical City, Babylon Health Directorate, Iraqi Ministry of Health, Baghdad, IraqAndrology Study Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, IndonesiaDivision of Andrology, Department of Urology, Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, IndiaDepartment of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Athens Naval & VA Hospital, Athens, GreeceUrology Department, Aster Medcity, Kochi, IndiaDepartment of Urology, National University Hospital, SingaporeDepartment of Urology, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, ArmeniaDepartment of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptDepartment of Urology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDivision of Urology, Department of Surgery, Persahabatan General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, IndonesiaDepartment of Urology, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Padjadjaran University, Bandung, IndonesiaDepartment of Urology, Prof R.D. Kandou Hospital, Manado, IndonesiaDepartment of Urology, Al-Ahlia Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAEAndrology Unit, ART Center - San Carlo Clinic, Milan, ItalyUrology Center, Jyoti Hospital, Gurugram, IndiaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and IVF Unit, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, Health Science University Eskisehir City HPRH, Eskisehir, TurkeyDepartment of Urology, Brawijaya University, Malang, IndonesiaDepartment of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Reprogynes Medical Institute, Paris, FranceDepartment of Urology, Dr Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar, IndonesiaIVF Department, Fertility Assisted Fertilization Center, São Paulo, BrazilAndrology and IVF Center, Next Fertility Procrea, Lugano, SwitzerlandDepartment of Urology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, IndonesiaDepartment of Urology, Cure& SK Hospital, Trivandrum, IndiaDepartment of Urology, University of Trieste, Trieste, ItalyDepartment of Urology, Andrology and Sexual Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, VietnamDepartment of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi, UAEAndrology and Reproductive Medicine Unit, Next Fertility GynePro, Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, CanadaAkanksha Hospital and Research Institute, Anand, Gujarat, IndiaDepartment of Urology, University of Mersin School of Medicine, Mersin, TurkeyHigh Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, IraqDepartment of Andrology, Tanta University, Tanta, EgyptIVF Department, CITMER Reproductive Medicine, Puebla, MexicoDepartment of Urology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, TurkeyDepartment of Andrology, Tanta University, Tanta, EgyptDepartment of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Clinic Halle (Saale), Halle, GermanyDivision of Urology, University Hospital, Federal University of Amapa, Macapá, BrazilDepartment of Urology, University of Mersin School of Medicine, Mersin, TurkeyIVF Department, CITMER Reproductive Medicine, Mexico City, MexicoCleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USAPurpose: Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a common, but complex problem, with multiple therapeutic options and a lack of clear guidelines. Hence, there is considerable controversy and marked variation in the management of NOA. This survey evaluates contemporary global practices related to medical and surgical management for patients with NOA. Materials and Methods: A 56-question online survey covering various aspects of the evaluation and management of NOA was sent to specialists around the globe. This paper analyzes the results of the second half of the survey dealing with the management of NOA. Results have been compared to current guidelines, and expert recommendations have been provided using a Delphi process. Results: Participants from 49 countries submitted 336 valid responses. Hormonal therapy for 3 to 6 months was suggested before surgical sperm retrieval (SSR) by 29.6% and 23.6% of participants for normogonadotropic hypogonadism and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism respectively. The SSR rate was reported as 50.0% by 26.0% to 50.0% of participants. Interestingly, 46.0% reported successful SSR in <10% of men with Klinefelter syndrome and 41.3% routinely recommended preimplantation genetic testing. Varicocele repair prior to SSR is recommended by 57.7%. Half of the respondents (57.4%) reported using ultrasound to identify the most vascularized areas in the testis for SSR. One-third proceed directly to microdissection testicular sperm extraction (mTESE) in every case of NOA while others use a staged approach. After a failed conventional TESE, 23.8% wait for 3 months, while 33.1% wait for 6 months before proceeding to mTESE. The cut-off of follicle-stimulating hormone for positive SSR was reported to be 12–19 IU/mL by 22.5% of participants and 20–40 IU/mL by 27.8%, while 31.8% reported no upper limit. Conclusions: This is the largest survey to date on the real-world medical and surgical management of NOA by reproductive experts. It demonstrates a diverse practice pattern and highlights the need for evidence-based international consensus guidelines.azoospermiahypogonadisminfertility; malesemensperm retrieval
spellingShingle	Amarnath Rambhatla Rupin Shah Imad Ziouziou Priyank Kothari Gianmaria Salvio Murat Gul Taha Hamoda Parviz Kavoussi Widi Atmoko Tuncay Toprak Ponco Birowo Edmund Ko Mohamed Arafa Ramy Abou Ghayda Vilvapathy Senguttuvan Karthikeyan Giorgio Ivan Russo Germar-Michael Pinggera Eric Chung Ahmed M. Harraz Marlon Martinez Nguyen Ho Vinh Phuoc Nicholas Tadros Ramadan Saleh Missy Savira Giovanni M. Colpi Wael Zohdy Edoardo Pescatori Hyun Jun Park Shinichiro Fukuhara Akira Tsujimura Cesar Rojas-Cruz Angelo Marino Siu King Mak Edouard Amar Wael Ibrahim Puneet Sindhwani Naif Alhathal Gian Maria Busetto Manaf Al Hashimi Ahmed El-Sakka Asci Ramazan Fotios Dimitriadis Massimiliano Timpano Davor Jezek Baris Altay Daniel Suslik Zylbersztejn Michael YC Wong Du Geon Moon Christine Wyns Safar Gamidov Hamed Akhavizadegan Alessandro Franceschelli Kaan Aydos Nguyen Quang Shedeed Ashour Adel Al Dayel Mohammed S. Al-Marhoon Sava Micic Saleh Binsaleh Alayman Hussein Haitham Elbardisi Taymour Mostafa Jonathan Ramsay Athanasios Zachariou Islam Fathy Soliman Abdelrahman Osvaldo Rajmil Arif Kalkanli Juan Manuel Corral Molina Kadir Bocu Gede Wirya Kusuma Duarsa Gökhan Çeker Ege Can Serefoglu Fahmi Bahar Nazim Gherabi Shinnosuke Kuroda Abderrazak Bouzouita Ahmet Gudeloglu Erman Ceyhan Mohamed Saeed Mohamed Hasan Muhammad Ujudud Musa Ahmad Motawi Chak-Lam Cho Hisanori Taniguchi Christopher Chee Kong Ho Jesus Fernando Solorzano Vazquez Shingai Mutambirwa Nur Dokuzeylul Gungor Marion Bendayan Carlo Giulioni Aykut Baser Marco Falcone Luca Boeri Gideon Blecher Alireza Kheradmand Tamilselvi Sethupathy Ricky Adriansjah Nima Narimani Charalampos Konstantinidis Tuan Thanh Nguyen Andrian Japari Parisa Dolati Keerti Singh Cevahir Ozer Selcuk Sarikaya Nadia Sheibak Ndagijimana Jean Bosco Mehmet Serkan Özkent Sang Thanh Le Ioannis Sokolakis Darren Katz Ryan Smith Manh Nguyen Truong Tan V. Le Zhongwei Huang Muslim Dogan Deger Umut Arslan Gokhan Calik Giorgio Franco Ayman Rashed Oguzhan Kahraman Sotiris Andreadakis Rosadi Putra Giancarlo Balercia Kareim Khalafalla Rossella Cannarella Anh Đặng Tuấn Amr El Meliegy Birute Zilaitiene Marlene Lizbeth Zamora Ramirez Filippo Giacone Aldo E. Calogero Konstantinos Makarounis Sunil Jindal Bac Nguyen Hoai Ravi Banthia Marcelo Rodriguez Peña Dharani Moorthy Aram Adamyan Deniz Kulaksiz Hussein Kandil Nikolaos Sofikitis Ciro Salzano Andreas Jungwirth Surendra Reddy Banka Tiago Cesar Mierzwa Tahsin Turunç Divyanu Jain Armen Avoyan Pietro Salacone Ateş Kadıoğlu Chirag Gupta Haocheng Lin Iman Shamohammadi Nasser Mogharabian Trenton Barrett Yavuz Onur Danacıoğlu Andrea Crafa Salima Daoud Vineet Malhotra Abdulmalik Almardawi Osama Mohamed Selim Mohamad Moussa Saeid Haghdani Mesut Berkan Duran Yannic Kunz Mirko Preto Elena Eugeni Thang Nguyen Ahmed Rashad Elshahid Seso Sulijaya Suyono Dyandra Parikesit Essam Nada Eduardo Gutiérrez Orozco Florence Boitrelle Nguyen Thi Minh Trang Mounir Jamali Raju Nair Mikhail Ruzaev Franco Gadda Charalampos Thomas Raphael Henrique Ferreira Umit Gul Serena Maruccia Ajay Kanbur Ella Kinzikeeva Saad Mohammed Abumelha Raghavender Kosgi Fatih Gokalp Mohammad Ayodhia Soebadi Gustavo Marquesine Paul Hesamoddin Sajadi Deepak Gupte Rafael F. Ambar Emrullah Sogutdelen Karun Singla Ari Basukarno Shannon Hee Kyung Kim Mohammad Ali Sadighi Gilani Koichi Nagao Sakti Ronggowardhana Brodjonegoro Andri Rezano Mohamed Elkhouly Rossella Mazzilli Hasan M. A. Farsi Hung Nguyen Ba Hamed Alali Dimitrios Kafetzis Tran Quang Tien Long Sami Alsaid Hoang Bao Ngoc Cuong Knigavko Oleksandr Akhmad Mustafa Herik Acosta Hrishikesh Pai Bahadır Şahin Eko Arianto Colin Teo Sanjay Prakash Jayaprakash Rinaldo Indra Rachman Mustafa Gurkan Yenice Omar Sefrioui Shivam Priyadarshi Marko Tanic Noor Kareem Alfatlaw Fikri Rizaldi Ranjit B. Vishwakarma George Kanakis Dinesh Thomas Cherian Joe Lee Raisa Galstyan Hakan Keskin Janan Wurzacher Doddy Hami Seno Bambang S Noegroho Ria Margiana Qaisar Javed Fabrizio Castiglioni Raman Tanwar Ana Puigvert Coşkun Kaya Medianto Purnomo Chadi Yazbeck Azwar Amir Edson Borges Marina Bellavia Isaac Ardianson Deswanto Vinod KV Giovanni Liguori Dang Hoang Minh Kashif Siddiqi Fulvio Colombo Armand Zini Niket Patel Selahittin Çayan Ula Al-kawaz Maged Ragab Guadalupe Hernández Hebrard Jean de la Rosette Ozan Efesoy Ivan Hoffmann Thiago Afonso Teixeira Barış Saylam Daniela Delgadillo Ashok Agarwal Global Practice Patterns and Variations in the Medical and Surgical Management of Non- Obstructive Azoospermia: Results of a World-Wide Survey, Guidelines and Expert Recommendations The World Journal of Men's Health azoospermia hypogonadism infertility; male semen sperm retrieval
title	Global Practice Patterns and Variations in the Medical and Surgical Management of Non- Obstructive Azoospermia: Results of a World-Wide Survey, Guidelines and Expert Recommendations
title_full	Global Practice Patterns and Variations in the Medical and Surgical Management of Non- Obstructive Azoospermia: Results of a World-Wide Survey, Guidelines and Expert Recommendations
title_fullStr	Global Practice Patterns and Variations in the Medical and Surgical Management of Non- Obstructive Azoospermia: Results of a World-Wide Survey, Guidelines and Expert Recommendations
title_full_unstemmed	Global Practice Patterns and Variations in the Medical and Surgical Management of Non- Obstructive Azoospermia: Results of a World-Wide Survey, Guidelines and Expert Recommendations
title_short	Global Practice Patterns and Variations in the Medical and Surgical Management of Non- Obstructive Azoospermia: Results of a World-Wide Survey, Guidelines and Expert Recommendations
title_sort	global practice patterns and variations in the medical and surgical management of non obstructive azoospermia results of a world wide survey guidelines and expert recommendations
topic	azoospermia hypogonadism infertility; male semen sperm retrieval
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globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT taymourmostafa globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT jonathanramsay globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT athanasioszachariou globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT islamfathysolimanabdelrahman globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT osvaldorajmil globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT arifkalkanli globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT juanmanuelcorralmolina globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT kadirbocu globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT gedewiryakusumaduarsa globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT gokhanceker globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT egecanserefoglu globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT fahmibahar globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT nazimgherabi globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT shinnosukekuroda globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT abderrazakbouzouita globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT ahmetgudeloglu globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT ermanceyhan globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT mohamedsaeedmohamedhasan globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT muhammadujududmusa globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT ahmadmotawi 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globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT nurdokuzeylulgungor globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT marionbendayan globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT carlogiulioni globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT aykutbaser globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT marcofalcone 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globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT dharanimoorthy globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT aramadamyan globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT denizkulaksiz globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT husseinkandil globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT nikolaossofikitis 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globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT elenaeugeni globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT thangnguyen globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT ahmedrashadelshahid globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT sesosulijayasuyono globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT dyandraparikesit 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globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT rajunair globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT mikhailruzaev globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT francogadda globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT charalamposthomas globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT raphaelhenriqueferreira globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT umitgul globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT serenamaruccia globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT ajaykanbur globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT ellakinzikeeva globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT saadmohammedabumelha globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT raghavenderkosgi globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT fatihgokalp globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT mohammadayodhiasoebadi globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT gustavomarquesinepaul globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT hesamoddinsajadi globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT deepakgupte globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT rafaelfambar globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT emrullahsogutdelen globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT karunsingla globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT aribasukarno 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globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT mohamedelkhouly globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT rossellamazzilli globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT hasanmafarsi globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT hungnguyenba globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT hamedalali globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT dimitrioskafetzis globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT tranquangtienlong globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT samialsaid globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT hoangbaongoccuong globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT knigavkooleksandr 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globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT shivampriyadarshi globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT markotanic globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT noorkareemalfatlaw globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT fikririzaldi globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT ranjitbvishwakarma globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT georgekanakis globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT dineshthomascherian globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT joelee globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT raisagalstyan globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT hakankeskin globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT jananwurzacher globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT doddyhamiseno globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT bambangsnoegroho globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT riamargiana globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT qaisarjaved globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT fabriziocastiglioni globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT ramantanwar globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT anapuigvert globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT coskunkaya globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT mediantopurnomo globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT chadiyazbeck globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT azwaramir globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT edsonborges globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT marinabellavia globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT isaacardiansondeswanto globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT vinodkv globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT giovanniliguori globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT danghoangminh globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT kashifsiddiqi globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT fulviocolombo globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT armandzini globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT niketpatel globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT selahittincayan globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT ulaalkawaz globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT magedragab globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT guadalupehernandezhebrard globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT jeandelarosette globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT ozanefesoy globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT ivanhoffmann globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT thiagoafonsoteixeira globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT barıssaylam globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT danieladelgadillo globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations AT ashokagarwal globalpracticepatternsandvariationsinthemedicalandsurgicalmanagementofnonobstructiveazoospermiaresultsofaworldwidesurveyguidelinesandexpertrecommendations

Global Practice Patterns and Variations in the Medical and Surgical Management of Non- Obstructive Azoospermia: Results of a World-Wide Survey, Guidelines and Expert Recommendations

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