Essential contribution of habitats in non-protected areas to climate-driven species migration in China
Given the reality of climate-driven migration, the net effectiveness of existing spatially fixed protected areas (PAs) to biodiversity conservation is expected to decline, while the potential of non-PA habitats (non-PAs, i.e., natural, altered, or artificial ecosystems that are not formally designat...
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Elsevier
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Geography and Sustainability |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666683924000506 |
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| author | Jie Su Fanhua Kong Haiwei Yin Michael E. Meadows Liding Chen Hong S. He Hui Sun Zhenya Li Kejing Zhou Bin Chen |
| author_facet | Jie Su Fanhua Kong Haiwei Yin Michael E. Meadows Liding Chen Hong S. He Hui Sun Zhenya Li Kejing Zhou Bin Chen |
| author_sort | Jie Su |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Given the reality of climate-driven migration, the net effectiveness of existing spatially fixed protected areas (PAs) to biodiversity conservation is expected to decline, while the potential of non-PA habitats (non-PAs, i.e., natural, altered, or artificial ecosystems that are not formally designated as PAs) for biodiversity conservation is gaining attention. However, the contribution of non-PAs to biodiversity conservation remains poorly understood. With the aim of comprehensively assessing the effectiveness of non-PAs as transient refugia and steppingstones during future climate-change-induced migration of species in China, a six-metric integrated framework was applied and statistics of these metrics for PAs and non-PAs are compared. Results reveal that, a greater area of non-PAs has a low velocity of climate change (VoCC) compared to that of PAs, and can therefore serve as temporary refugia for species. The disappearing climate index (DCI) and novel climate index (NCI) results show that some 17 % of the subdivided climate classes within the PAs have changed. However, the displacement index (DI) results imply that nearly half (48.98 %) of the PAs need non-PAs to provide transient refugia for climate-driven migration of species in PAs. The higher ratio of effective steppingstones measured using the climate corridor score (CCS) and landscape current flow (LCF) further emphasizes that non-PAs play a more significant role as steppingstones for climate-driven migration than do PAs in terms of both their structural and functional connectivity. Our research further demonstrates that a conservation approach that improves connectivity among PAs and considers Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) is essential for long-term biodiversity adaptation to climate change. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4ac0578272a74a01b1aa1ed8f45be8ec |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2666-6839 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Geography and Sustainability |
| spelling | doaj-art-4ac0578272a74a01b1aa1ed8f45be8ec2025-01-08T04:53:44ZengElsevierGeography and Sustainability2666-68392025-02-0161100203Essential contribution of habitats in non-protected areas to climate-driven species migration in ChinaJie Su0Fanhua Kong1Haiwei Yin2Michael E. Meadows3Liding Chen4Hong S. He5Hui Sun6Zhenya Li7Kejing Zhou8Bin Chen9School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinaSchool of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Correspondence author at: Nanjing University, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Xianlin Ave.163, 210023, PR China.School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinaSchool of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Environmental & Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South AfricaSchool of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaSchool of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65203, USASchool of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinaSchool of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, ChinaSchool of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, ChinaSchool of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, ChinaGiven the reality of climate-driven migration, the net effectiveness of existing spatially fixed protected areas (PAs) to biodiversity conservation is expected to decline, while the potential of non-PA habitats (non-PAs, i.e., natural, altered, or artificial ecosystems that are not formally designated as PAs) for biodiversity conservation is gaining attention. However, the contribution of non-PAs to biodiversity conservation remains poorly understood. With the aim of comprehensively assessing the effectiveness of non-PAs as transient refugia and steppingstones during future climate-change-induced migration of species in China, a six-metric integrated framework was applied and statistics of these metrics for PAs and non-PAs are compared. Results reveal that, a greater area of non-PAs has a low velocity of climate change (VoCC) compared to that of PAs, and can therefore serve as temporary refugia for species. The disappearing climate index (DCI) and novel climate index (NCI) results show that some 17 % of the subdivided climate classes within the PAs have changed. However, the displacement index (DI) results imply that nearly half (48.98 %) of the PAs need non-PAs to provide transient refugia for climate-driven migration of species in PAs. The higher ratio of effective steppingstones measured using the climate corridor score (CCS) and landscape current flow (LCF) further emphasizes that non-PAs play a more significant role as steppingstones for climate-driven migration than do PAs in terms of both their structural and functional connectivity. Our research further demonstrates that a conservation approach that improves connectivity among PAs and considers Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) is essential for long-term biodiversity adaptation to climate change.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666683924000506Climate changeOther Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs)Climate connectivityDisplacement indexRefugiaSteppingstones |
| spellingShingle | Jie Su Fanhua Kong Haiwei Yin Michael E. Meadows Liding Chen Hong S. He Hui Sun Zhenya Li Kejing Zhou Bin Chen Essential contribution of habitats in non-protected areas to climate-driven species migration in China Geography and Sustainability Climate change Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) Climate connectivity Displacement index Refugia Steppingstones |
| title | Essential contribution of habitats in non-protected areas to climate-driven species migration in China |
| title_full | Essential contribution of habitats in non-protected areas to climate-driven species migration in China |
| title_fullStr | Essential contribution of habitats in non-protected areas to climate-driven species migration in China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Essential contribution of habitats in non-protected areas to climate-driven species migration in China |
| title_short | Essential contribution of habitats in non-protected areas to climate-driven species migration in China |
| title_sort | essential contribution of habitats in non protected areas to climate driven species migration in china |
| topic | Climate change Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) Climate connectivity Displacement index Refugia Steppingstones |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666683924000506 |
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