Intermediate risk prostate tumors contain lethal subtypes
In 2024, prostate cancer (PCa) remains the most common non-skin cancer in males within the United States, with an estimated 299,010 new cases, the highest increase incident trend rate (3.8%) of all cancers, and one of the eight deadliest. PCa cases are projected to double from 1.8 million to 2.9 mil...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Urology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fruro.2024.1487873/full |
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| author | William L. Harryman James P. Hinton Rafael Sainz Jaime M. C. Gard John M. Ryniawec John M. Ryniawec Gregory C. Rogers Gregory C. Rogers Noel A. Warfel Noel A. Warfel Beatrice S. Knudsen Raymond B. Nagle Juan J. Chipollini Benjamin R. Lee Belinda L. Sun Anne E. Cress Anne E. Cress |
| author_facet | William L. Harryman James P. Hinton Rafael Sainz Jaime M. C. Gard John M. Ryniawec John M. Ryniawec Gregory C. Rogers Gregory C. Rogers Noel A. Warfel Noel A. Warfel Beatrice S. Knudsen Raymond B. Nagle Juan J. Chipollini Benjamin R. Lee Belinda L. Sun Anne E. Cress Anne E. Cress |
| author_sort | William L. Harryman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In 2024, prostate cancer (PCa) remains the most common non-skin cancer in males within the United States, with an estimated 299,010 new cases, the highest increase incident trend rate (3.8%) of all cancers, and one of the eight deadliest. PCa cases are projected to double from 1.8 million to 2.9 million per year between 2020 and 2040. According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) treatment guidelines, most cases (65%) are intermediate risk (Gleason sum score <7 [3 + 4, 4 + 3], prostate organ-confined, and PSA < 20) with treatment options limited to active surveillance, external beam radiation, and/or surgery to prevent metastasis in the long term (>10 years). It is increasingly recognized that the two most common subtypes of intermediate risk PCa are cribriform architecture (CA) and intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P), which can occur together, and both are associated with increased metastatic risk, biochemical recurrence, and disease-specific mortality. Both subtypes display hypoxia, genomic instability, and are identified as Gleason 4 in pathology reports. However, since false negatives are common (up to 50%) in these subtypes on biopsy, more research is needed to reliably detect these subtypes that have an increased risk for invasive disease. We note that even with mpMRI-guided biopsies, the sensitivity is 54% for cribriform architecture and only 37% for IDC-P. The presence of these PCa subtypes in biopsy or radical prostatectomy (RP) tissue can exclude patients from active surveillance and from designation as intermediate risk disease, further underscoring the need for increased molecular understanding of these subtypes for diagnostic purposes. Understanding the heterogeneity of intermediate risk primary PCa phenotypes, using computational pathology approaches to evaluate the fixed biopsy specimen, or video microscopy of the surgical specimen with AI-driven analysis is now achievable. New research associating the resulting phenotypes with the different therapeutic choices and vulnerabilities will likely prevent extracapsular extension, the definition of high-risk disease, and upstaging of the final pathologic stage. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-480c62157287458bb9956914fe5d584f |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2673-9828 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Urology |
| spelling | doaj-art-480c62157287458bb9956914fe5d584f2025-01-15T06:10:46ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Urology2673-98282025-01-01410.3389/fruro.2024.14878731487873Intermediate risk prostate tumors contain lethal subtypesWilliam L. Harryman0James P. Hinton1Rafael Sainz2Jaime M. C. Gard3John M. Ryniawec4John M. Ryniawec5Gregory C. Rogers6Gregory C. Rogers7Noel A. Warfel8Noel A. Warfel9Beatrice S. Knudsen10Raymond B. Nagle11Juan J. Chipollini12Benjamin R. Lee13Belinda L. Sun14Anne E. Cress15Anne E. Cress16University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United StatesUniversity of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United StatesUniversity of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United StatesUniversity of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United StatesUniversity of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United StatesDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United StatesUniversity of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United StatesDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United StatesUniversity of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United StatesDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United StatesProfessor of Pathology and Biomedical Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United StatesUniversity of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United StatesDepartment of Urology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United StatesDepartment of Urology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United StatesDepartment of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United StatesUniversity of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United StatesDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United StatesIn 2024, prostate cancer (PCa) remains the most common non-skin cancer in males within the United States, with an estimated 299,010 new cases, the highest increase incident trend rate (3.8%) of all cancers, and one of the eight deadliest. PCa cases are projected to double from 1.8 million to 2.9 million per year between 2020 and 2040. According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) treatment guidelines, most cases (65%) are intermediate risk (Gleason sum score <7 [3 + 4, 4 + 3], prostate organ-confined, and PSA < 20) with treatment options limited to active surveillance, external beam radiation, and/or surgery to prevent metastasis in the long term (>10 years). It is increasingly recognized that the two most common subtypes of intermediate risk PCa are cribriform architecture (CA) and intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P), which can occur together, and both are associated with increased metastatic risk, biochemical recurrence, and disease-specific mortality. Both subtypes display hypoxia, genomic instability, and are identified as Gleason 4 in pathology reports. However, since false negatives are common (up to 50%) in these subtypes on biopsy, more research is needed to reliably detect these subtypes that have an increased risk for invasive disease. We note that even with mpMRI-guided biopsies, the sensitivity is 54% for cribriform architecture and only 37% for IDC-P. The presence of these PCa subtypes in biopsy or radical prostatectomy (RP) tissue can exclude patients from active surveillance and from designation as intermediate risk disease, further underscoring the need for increased molecular understanding of these subtypes for diagnostic purposes. Understanding the heterogeneity of intermediate risk primary PCa phenotypes, using computational pathology approaches to evaluate the fixed biopsy specimen, or video microscopy of the surgical specimen with AI-driven analysis is now achievable. New research associating the resulting phenotypes with the different therapeutic choices and vulnerabilities will likely prevent extracapsular extension, the definition of high-risk disease, and upstaging of the final pathologic stage.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fruro.2024.1487873/fullprostate cancercribriformintraductal carcinomagleason gradeintermediate riskbiomarkers |
| spellingShingle | William L. Harryman James P. Hinton Rafael Sainz Jaime M. C. Gard John M. Ryniawec John M. Ryniawec Gregory C. Rogers Gregory C. Rogers Noel A. Warfel Noel A. Warfel Beatrice S. Knudsen Raymond B. Nagle Juan J. Chipollini Benjamin R. Lee Belinda L. Sun Anne E. Cress Anne E. Cress Intermediate risk prostate tumors contain lethal subtypes Frontiers in Urology prostate cancer cribriform intraductal carcinoma gleason grade intermediate risk biomarkers |
| title | Intermediate risk prostate tumors contain lethal subtypes |
| title_full | Intermediate risk prostate tumors contain lethal subtypes |
| title_fullStr | Intermediate risk prostate tumors contain lethal subtypes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Intermediate risk prostate tumors contain lethal subtypes |
| title_short | Intermediate risk prostate tumors contain lethal subtypes |
| title_sort | intermediate risk prostate tumors contain lethal subtypes |
| topic | prostate cancer cribriform intraductal carcinoma gleason grade intermediate risk biomarkers |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fruro.2024.1487873/full |
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