Heavy Metals and Associated Risks of Wild Edible Mushrooms Consumption: Transfer Factor, Carcinogenic Risk, and Health Risk Index
This research aims to investigate the heavy metals (i.e., Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb) in the fruiting bodies of six indigenous wild edible mushrooms including <i>Agaricus bisporus</i>, <i>Agaricus campestris</i>, <i>Armillaria mellea</i>, <i>Boletus edulis</i...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/10/12/844 |
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| author | Ioan Alin Bucurica Ioana Daniela Dulama Cristiana Radulescu Andreea Laura Banica Sorina Geanina Stanescu |
| author_facet | Ioan Alin Bucurica Ioana Daniela Dulama Cristiana Radulescu Andreea Laura Banica Sorina Geanina Stanescu |
| author_sort | Ioan Alin Bucurica |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This research aims to investigate the heavy metals (i.e., Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb) in the fruiting bodies of six indigenous wild edible mushrooms including <i>Agaricus bisporus</i>, <i>Agaricus campestris</i>, <i>Armillaria mellea</i>, <i>Boletus edulis</i>, <i>Macrolepiota excoriate</i>, and <i>Macrolepiota procera</i>, correlated with various factors, such as the growth substrate, the sampling site, the species and the morphological part (i.e., cap and stipe), and their possible toxicological implications. Heavy metal concentrations in mushroom (228 samples) and soil (114 samples) were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma—Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). In the first part of the study, the soil contamination (index of geo-accumulation, contamination factor, and pollution loading index) and associated risks (chronic daily dose for three exposure pathways—ingestion, dermal, and inhalation; hazard quotient of non-cancer risks and the carcinogenic risks) were calculated, while the phytoremediation capacity of the mushrooms was determined. At the end of these investigations, it was concluded that <i>M. procera</i> accumulates more Cd and Cr (32.528% and 57.906%, respectively), <i>M. excoriata</i> accumulates Cu (24.802%), <i>B. edulis</i> accumulates Ni (22.694%), and <i>A. mellea</i> accumulates Pb (18.574%), in relation to the underlying soils. There were statistically significant differences between the stipe and cap (i.e., in the cap subsamples of <i>M. procera</i>, the accumulation factor for Cd was five times higher than in the stipe subsamples). The daily intake of toxic metals related to the consumption of these mushrooms with negative consequences on human health, especially for children (1.5 times higher than for adults), was determined as well. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-453aae1ff6d24e258fdfb6f3faf669d1 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj-art-453aae1ff6d24e258fdfb6f3faf669d12024-12-27T14:33:55ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2024-12-01101284410.3390/jof10120844Heavy Metals and Associated Risks of Wild Edible Mushrooms Consumption: Transfer Factor, Carcinogenic Risk, and Health Risk IndexIoan Alin Bucurica0Ioana Daniela Dulama1Cristiana Radulescu2Andreea Laura Banica3Sorina Geanina Stanescu4Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Science and Technology, Valahia University of Targoviste, 13 Sinaia Alley, 130004 Targoviste, RomaniaInstitute of Multidisciplinary Research for Science and Technology, Valahia University of Targoviste, 13 Sinaia Alley, 130004 Targoviste, RomaniaFaculty of Sciences and Arts, Valahia University of Targoviste, 13 Sinaia Alley, 130004 Targoviste, RomaniaInstitute of Multidisciplinary Research for Science and Technology, Valahia University of Targoviste, 13 Sinaia Alley, 130004 Targoviste, RomaniaInstitute of Multidisciplinary Research for Science and Technology, Valahia University of Targoviste, 13 Sinaia Alley, 130004 Targoviste, RomaniaThis research aims to investigate the heavy metals (i.e., Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb) in the fruiting bodies of six indigenous wild edible mushrooms including <i>Agaricus bisporus</i>, <i>Agaricus campestris</i>, <i>Armillaria mellea</i>, <i>Boletus edulis</i>, <i>Macrolepiota excoriate</i>, and <i>Macrolepiota procera</i>, correlated with various factors, such as the growth substrate, the sampling site, the species and the morphological part (i.e., cap and stipe), and their possible toxicological implications. Heavy metal concentrations in mushroom (228 samples) and soil (114 samples) were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma—Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). In the first part of the study, the soil contamination (index of geo-accumulation, contamination factor, and pollution loading index) and associated risks (chronic daily dose for three exposure pathways—ingestion, dermal, and inhalation; hazard quotient of non-cancer risks and the carcinogenic risks) were calculated, while the phytoremediation capacity of the mushrooms was determined. At the end of these investigations, it was concluded that <i>M. procera</i> accumulates more Cd and Cr (32.528% and 57.906%, respectively), <i>M. excoriata</i> accumulates Cu (24.802%), <i>B. edulis</i> accumulates Ni (22.694%), and <i>A. mellea</i> accumulates Pb (18.574%), in relation to the underlying soils. There were statistically significant differences between the stipe and cap (i.e., in the cap subsamples of <i>M. procera</i>, the accumulation factor for Cd was five times higher than in the stipe subsamples). The daily intake of toxic metals related to the consumption of these mushrooms with negative consequences on human health, especially for children (1.5 times higher than for adults), was determined as well.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/10/12/844wild edible mushroomsindustrial areatouristic areaBucegi National Reservationtransfer factorestimated daily intake |
| spellingShingle | Ioan Alin Bucurica Ioana Daniela Dulama Cristiana Radulescu Andreea Laura Banica Sorina Geanina Stanescu Heavy Metals and Associated Risks of Wild Edible Mushrooms Consumption: Transfer Factor, Carcinogenic Risk, and Health Risk Index Journal of Fungi wild edible mushrooms industrial area touristic area Bucegi National Reservation transfer factor estimated daily intake |
| title | Heavy Metals and Associated Risks of Wild Edible Mushrooms Consumption: Transfer Factor, Carcinogenic Risk, and Health Risk Index |
| title_full | Heavy Metals and Associated Risks of Wild Edible Mushrooms Consumption: Transfer Factor, Carcinogenic Risk, and Health Risk Index |
| title_fullStr | Heavy Metals and Associated Risks of Wild Edible Mushrooms Consumption: Transfer Factor, Carcinogenic Risk, and Health Risk Index |
| title_full_unstemmed | Heavy Metals and Associated Risks of Wild Edible Mushrooms Consumption: Transfer Factor, Carcinogenic Risk, and Health Risk Index |
| title_short | Heavy Metals and Associated Risks of Wild Edible Mushrooms Consumption: Transfer Factor, Carcinogenic Risk, and Health Risk Index |
| title_sort | heavy metals and associated risks of wild edible mushrooms consumption transfer factor carcinogenic risk and health risk index |
| topic | wild edible mushrooms industrial area touristic area Bucegi National Reservation transfer factor estimated daily intake |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/10/12/844 |
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