Simons Observatory: Predeployment Performance of a Large Aperture Telescope Optics Tube in the 90 and 150 GHz Spectral Bands
The Simons Observatory will map the temperature and polarization over half of the sky at millimeter wavelengths in six spectral bands from the Atacama Desert in Chile. These data will provide new insights into the genesis, content, and history of our Universe, the astrophysics of galaxies and galaxy...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Carlos E. Sierra Kathleen Harrington Shreya Sutariya Thomas Alford Anna M. Kofman Grace E. Chesmore Jason E. Austermann Andrew Bazarko James A. Beall Tanay Bhandarkar Mark J. Devlin Simon R. Dicker Peter N. Dow Shannon M. Duff Daniel Dutcher Nicholas Galitzki Joseph E. Golec John C. Groh Jon E. Gudmundsson Saianeesh K. Haridas Erin Healy Johannes Hubmayr Jeffrey Iuliano Bradley R. Johnson Claire S. Lessler Richard A. Lew Michael J. Link Tammy J. Lucas Jeffrey J. McMahon Jenna E. Moore Federico Nati Michael D. Niemack Benjamin L. Schmitt Max Silva-Feaver Robinjeet Singh Rita F. Sonka Alex Thomas Robert J. Thornton Tran Tsan Joel N. Ullom Jeffrey L. Van Lanen Eve M. Vavagiakis Michael R. Vissers Yuhan Wang Kaiwen Zheng |
| author_facet | Carlos E. Sierra Kathleen Harrington Shreya Sutariya Thomas Alford Anna M. Kofman Grace E. Chesmore Jason E. Austermann Andrew Bazarko James A. Beall Tanay Bhandarkar Mark J. Devlin Simon R. Dicker Peter N. Dow Shannon M. Duff Daniel Dutcher Nicholas Galitzki Joseph E. Golec John C. Groh Jon E. Gudmundsson Saianeesh K. Haridas Erin Healy Johannes Hubmayr Jeffrey Iuliano Bradley R. Johnson Claire S. Lessler Richard A. Lew Michael J. Link Tammy J. Lucas Jeffrey J. McMahon Jenna E. Moore Federico Nati Michael D. Niemack Benjamin L. Schmitt Max Silva-Feaver Robinjeet Singh Rita F. Sonka Alex Thomas Robert J. Thornton Tran Tsan Joel N. Ullom Jeffrey L. Van Lanen Eve M. Vavagiakis Michael R. Vissers Yuhan Wang Kaiwen Zheng |
| author_sort | Carlos E. Sierra |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Simons Observatory will map the temperature and polarization over half of the sky at millimeter wavelengths in six spectral bands from the Atacama Desert in Chile. These data will provide new insights into the genesis, content, and history of our Universe, the astrophysics of galaxies and galaxy clusters, objects in our solar system, and time-varying astrophysical phenomena. This ambitious new instrument suite, initially comprising three 0.5 m diameter small aperture telescopes and one 6 m diameter large aperture telescope, is designed using a common combination of new technologies and new implementations to realize an observatory significantly more sensitive than the previous generation. In this paper, we present the predeployment performance of the first mid-frequency “optics tube,” which will be fielded on the large aperture telescope with sensitivity to the 90 and 150 GHz spectral bands. This optics tube contains lenses, filters, detectors, and readout components, all of which operate at cryogenic temperatures. It is one of seven that form the core of the large aperture telescope receiver in its initial deployment. We describe this optics tube, including details of comprehensive testing methods, new techniques for beam and passband characterization, and its measured performance. The performance metrics include beams, optical efficiency, passbands, and forecasts for the on-sky performance of the system. We forecast a sensitivity that exceeds the requirements of the large aperture telescope with greater than 30% margin in each spectral band and predict that the instrument will realize diffraction-limited performance and the expected detector passbands. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-409749e4341f4d34a6da311988506aba |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0067-0049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
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| series | The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |
| spelling | doaj-art-409749e4341f4d34a6da311988506aba2025-01-10T17:17:32ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series0067-00492025-01-0127613110.3847/1538-4365/ad8cdcSimons Observatory: Predeployment Performance of a Large Aperture Telescope Optics Tube in the 90 and 150 GHz Spectral BandsCarlos E. Sierra0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9246-5571Kathleen Harrington1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1248-9563Shreya Sutariya2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6971-8809Thomas Alford3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1942-1334Anna M. Kofman4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5374-1767Grace E. Chesmore5Jason E. Austermann6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6338-0069Andrew Bazarko7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7888-6222James A. Beall8https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1263-6738Tanay Bhandarkar9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2971-1776Mark J. Devlin10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3169-9761Simon R. Dicker11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1940-4289Peter N. Dow12Shannon M. Duff13https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9693-4478Daniel Dutcher14https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9962-2058Nicholas Galitzki15https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7225-6679Joseph E. Golec16https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4421-0267John C. Groh17https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9880-3634Jon E. Gudmundsson18https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1760-0355Saianeesh K. Haridas19https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6519-502XErin Healy20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3757-4898Johannes Hubmayr21https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2781-9302Jeffrey Iuliano22https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7466-0317Bradley R. Johnson23https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6898-8938Claire S. Lessler24https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1481-8370Richard A. Lew25https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0489-8720Michael J. Link26Tammy J. Lucas27https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7694-1999Jeffrey J. McMahon28Jenna E. Moore29https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7340-9291Federico Nati30https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8307-5088Michael D. Niemack31https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7125-3580Benjamin L. Schmitt32Max Silva-Feaver33https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7480-4341Robinjeet Singh34Rita F. Sonka35https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1187-9781Alex Thomas36https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9528-8147Robert J. Thornton37Tran Tsan38https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1667-2544Joel N. Ullom39https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2486-4025Jeffrey L. Van Lanen40Eve M. Vavagiakis41https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2105-7589Michael R. Vissers42https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2467-7801Yuhan Wang43https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8710-0914Kaiwen Zheng44https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4645-7084Department of Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; csierra@uchicago.edu; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USAHigh Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont, IL 60439, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USADepartment of Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; csierra@uchicago.eduDepartment of Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; csierra@uchicago.eduDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADepartment of Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; csierra@uchicago.eduQuantum Sensors Division , NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USADepartment of Physics, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, USAQuantum Sensors Division , NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA 22904, USAQuantum Sensors Division , NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USADepartment of Physics, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08540, USADepartment of Physics, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX 78712, USA; Weinberg Institute for Theoretical Physics , Texas Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Austin, TX 78712, USADepartment of Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; csierra@uchicago.edu; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USAPhysics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, CA 94702, USAScience Institute, University of Iceland , 107 Reykjavik, Iceland; The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, SwedenDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104, USAKavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USAQuantum Sensors Division , NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA 22904, USADepartment of Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; csierra@uchicago.edu; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USAQuantum Sensors Division , NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USAQuantum Sensors Division , NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USAQuantum Sensors Division , NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USADepartment of Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; csierra@uchicago.edu; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USASchool of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287, USADepartiment of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan, MI, 20126, ItalyDepartment of Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Astronomy, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADepartment of Physics, Yale University , New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Wright Laboratory, Yale University , New Haven, CT 06511, USAQuantum Sensors Division , NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USADepartment of Physics, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08540, USADepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADepartment of Physics, University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA 92093, USAQuantum Sensors Division , NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USAQuantum Sensors Division , NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USADepartment of Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USAQuantum Sensors Division , NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USADepartment of Physics, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08540, USADepartment of Physics, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08540, USAThe Simons Observatory will map the temperature and polarization over half of the sky at millimeter wavelengths in six spectral bands from the Atacama Desert in Chile. These data will provide new insights into the genesis, content, and history of our Universe, the astrophysics of galaxies and galaxy clusters, objects in our solar system, and time-varying astrophysical phenomena. This ambitious new instrument suite, initially comprising three 0.5 m diameter small aperture telescopes and one 6 m diameter large aperture telescope, is designed using a common combination of new technologies and new implementations to realize an observatory significantly more sensitive than the previous generation. In this paper, we present the predeployment performance of the first mid-frequency “optics tube,” which will be fielded on the large aperture telescope with sensitivity to the 90 and 150 GHz spectral bands. This optics tube contains lenses, filters, detectors, and readout components, all of which operate at cryogenic temperatures. It is one of seven that form the core of the large aperture telescope receiver in its initial deployment. We describe this optics tube, including details of comprehensive testing methods, new techniques for beam and passband characterization, and its measured performance. The performance metrics include beams, optical efficiency, passbands, and forecasts for the on-sky performance of the system. We forecast a sensitivity that exceeds the requirements of the large aperture telescope with greater than 30% margin in each spectral band and predict that the instrument will realize diffraction-limited performance and the expected detector passbands.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ad8cdcObservational cosmologyCMBR detectorsPolarimetersAstronomical instrumentationObservatoriesGround telescopes |
| spellingShingle | Carlos E. Sierra Kathleen Harrington Shreya Sutariya Thomas Alford Anna M. Kofman Grace E. Chesmore Jason E. Austermann Andrew Bazarko James A. Beall Tanay Bhandarkar Mark J. Devlin Simon R. Dicker Peter N. Dow Shannon M. Duff Daniel Dutcher Nicholas Galitzki Joseph E. Golec John C. Groh Jon E. Gudmundsson Saianeesh K. Haridas Erin Healy Johannes Hubmayr Jeffrey Iuliano Bradley R. Johnson Claire S. Lessler Richard A. Lew Michael J. Link Tammy J. Lucas Jeffrey J. McMahon Jenna E. Moore Federico Nati Michael D. Niemack Benjamin L. Schmitt Max Silva-Feaver Robinjeet Singh Rita F. Sonka Alex Thomas Robert J. Thornton Tran Tsan Joel N. Ullom Jeffrey L. Van Lanen Eve M. Vavagiakis Michael R. Vissers Yuhan Wang Kaiwen Zheng Simons Observatory: Predeployment Performance of a Large Aperture Telescope Optics Tube in the 90 and 150 GHz Spectral Bands The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series Observational cosmology CMBR detectors Polarimeters Astronomical instrumentation Observatories Ground telescopes |
| title | Simons Observatory: Predeployment Performance of a Large Aperture Telescope Optics Tube in the 90 and 150 GHz Spectral Bands |
| title_full | Simons Observatory: Predeployment Performance of a Large Aperture Telescope Optics Tube in the 90 and 150 GHz Spectral Bands |
| title_fullStr | Simons Observatory: Predeployment Performance of a Large Aperture Telescope Optics Tube in the 90 and 150 GHz Spectral Bands |
| title_full_unstemmed | Simons Observatory: Predeployment Performance of a Large Aperture Telescope Optics Tube in the 90 and 150 GHz Spectral Bands |
| title_short | Simons Observatory: Predeployment Performance of a Large Aperture Telescope Optics Tube in the 90 and 150 GHz Spectral Bands |
| title_sort | simons observatory predeployment performance of a large aperture telescope optics tube in the 90 and 150 ghz spectral bands |
| topic | Observational cosmology CMBR detectors Polarimeters Astronomical instrumentation Observatories Ground telescopes |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ad8cdc |
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