Unconventional Biomarkers in Dementia Trough Neurological Examination: A Literature Review
Introduction: Blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers have gained prominence in dementia diagnosis; however, they are not always available. Objectives: To describe unconventional biomarkers identifiable during neurological examination. Methods: A narrative review was conducted, searching for cogn...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | Spanish |
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Universidad de Antioquia
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Iatreia |
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| Online Access: | https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/iatreia/article/view/355444 |
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| author | Salazar-Londoño, Salomón Pérez-Foucrier, Valeria Tengonó-Guarín, María José Franky-Escobar, Isabella Iragorri, Angela |
| author_facet | Salazar-Londoño, Salomón Pérez-Foucrier, Valeria Tengonó-Guarín, María José Franky-Escobar, Isabella Iragorri, Angela |
| author_sort | Salazar-Londoño, Salomón |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: Blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers have gained prominence in dementia diagnosis; however, they are not always available.
Objectives: To describe unconventional biomarkers identifiable during neurological examination.
Methods: A narrative review was conducted, searching for cognitive impairment in relation to unconventional biomarkers in PubMed, EMBASE, and SciELO databases. Original and secondary studies describing this relationship were included, along with tools for clinical evaluation.
Results: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are among the earliest manifestations and a marker of progression, present in approximately 97% of patients. Depression, anxiety, and apathy are three potential indicators, assessable through clinical expertise, scales, or new technologies. Other markers include bradyphrenia and executive function impairment, which affects motor function parameters in 8-13% of cases. Regarding cranial nerves, alterations in the optic nerve and retina, changes in eye movements, and hearing los may occur. Motor examination is one of the most promising areas, focusing on dual-task performance, gait speed, and grip strength. It has been estimated that these factors may influence the occurrence of dementia by more than 50%. Sensory alterations in pain perception may also be observed. astly, the appearance of two or more frontal release reflexes is a marker of cognitive decline.
Conclusions: Evidence supporting the use of unconventional biomarkers was found, which may serve as an alternative for early detection of cognitive impairment. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3ebb3caa3bb14c37a3c86ce7c32fbd59 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0121-0793 2011-7965 |
| language | Spanish |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Universidad de Antioquia |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Iatreia |
| spelling | doaj-art-3ebb3caa3bb14c37a3c86ce7c32fbd592025-01-17T14:35:40ZspaUniversidad de AntioquiaIatreia0121-07932011-79652025-01-01381809410.17533/udea.iatreia.294Unconventional Biomarkers in Dementia Trough Neurological Examination: A Literature ReviewSalazar-Londoño, Salomón0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9302-3601Pérez-Foucrier, Valeria1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7210-4912Tengonó-Guarín, María José2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7482-3769Franky-Escobar, Isabella3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7476-5020Iragorri, Angela4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0249-4951Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, ColombiaPontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, ColombiaPontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, ColombiaPontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, ColombiaPontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, ColombiaIntroduction: Blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers have gained prominence in dementia diagnosis; however, they are not always available. Objectives: To describe unconventional biomarkers identifiable during neurological examination. Methods: A narrative review was conducted, searching for cognitive impairment in relation to unconventional biomarkers in PubMed, EMBASE, and SciELO databases. Original and secondary studies describing this relationship were included, along with tools for clinical evaluation. Results: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are among the earliest manifestations and a marker of progression, present in approximately 97% of patients. Depression, anxiety, and apathy are three potential indicators, assessable through clinical expertise, scales, or new technologies. Other markers include bradyphrenia and executive function impairment, which affects motor function parameters in 8-13% of cases. Regarding cranial nerves, alterations in the optic nerve and retina, changes in eye movements, and hearing los may occur. Motor examination is one of the most promising areas, focusing on dual-task performance, gait speed, and grip strength. It has been estimated that these factors may influence the occurrence of dementia by more than 50%. Sensory alterations in pain perception may also be observed. astly, the appearance of two or more frontal release reflexes is a marker of cognitive decline. Conclusions: Evidence supporting the use of unconventional biomarkers was found, which may serve as an alternative for early detection of cognitive impairment.https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/iatreia/article/view/355444biomarkercognitive dysfunctiondementiaearly diagnosisneurologic examinationprimary health care |
| spellingShingle | Salazar-Londoño, Salomón Pérez-Foucrier, Valeria Tengonó-Guarín, María José Franky-Escobar, Isabella Iragorri, Angela Unconventional Biomarkers in Dementia Trough Neurological Examination: A Literature Review Iatreia biomarker cognitive dysfunction dementia early diagnosis neurologic examination primary health care |
| title | Unconventional Biomarkers in Dementia Trough Neurological Examination: A Literature Review |
| title_full | Unconventional Biomarkers in Dementia Trough Neurological Examination: A Literature Review |
| title_fullStr | Unconventional Biomarkers in Dementia Trough Neurological Examination: A Literature Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unconventional Biomarkers in Dementia Trough Neurological Examination: A Literature Review |
| title_short | Unconventional Biomarkers in Dementia Trough Neurological Examination: A Literature Review |
| title_sort | unconventional biomarkers in dementia trough neurological examination a literature review |
| topic | biomarker cognitive dysfunction dementia early diagnosis neurologic examination primary health care |
| url | https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/iatreia/article/view/355444 |
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