Effects of Andrographolide-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers on Growth, Feed Efficiency, and Resistance to <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> in Nile Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>)

The increasing demand for sustainable disease management in aquaculture has intensified interest in plant-based therapeutics. This study evaluated the formulation and efficacy of andrographolide-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (AND-NLCs) in Nile tilapia (<i data-eusoft-scrollable-element=&qu...

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Main Authors: Warut Kengkittipat, Manoj Tukaram Kamble, Sirikorn Kitiyodom, Jakarwan Yostawonkul, Gotchagorn Sawatphakdee, Kim D. Thompson, Seema Vijay Medhe, Nopadon Pirarat
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Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Animals
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/14/2117
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author Warut Kengkittipat
Manoj Tukaram Kamble
Sirikorn Kitiyodom
Jakarwan Yostawonkul
Gotchagorn Sawatphakdee
Kim D. Thompson
Seema Vijay Medhe
Nopadon Pirarat
author_facet Warut Kengkittipat
Manoj Tukaram Kamble
Sirikorn Kitiyodom
Jakarwan Yostawonkul
Gotchagorn Sawatphakdee
Kim D. Thompson
Seema Vijay Medhe
Nopadon Pirarat
author_sort Warut Kengkittipat
collection DOAJ
description The increasing demand for sustainable disease management in aquaculture has intensified interest in plant-based therapeutics. This study evaluated the formulation and efficacy of andrographolide-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (AND-NLCs) in Nile tilapia (<i data-eusoft-scrollable-element="1">Oreochromis niloticus</i>) challenged with <i data-eusoft-scrollable-element="1">Streptococcus agalactiae</i> ENC06. AND-NLCs were prepared by the phase-inversion technique and characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and in vitro release profiling. Antibacterial activity was assessed by measuring inhibition zone diameters, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Growth performance, feed utilization, hepatosomatic index (HSI), and disease resistance were evaluated over a 60-day feeding trial. The AND-NLCs exhibited an optimal particle size (189.6 nm), high encapsulation efficiency (90.58%), sustained release, and structural stability. Compared to the free AND and control group, AND-NLC supplementation significantly improved growth, feed efficiency, HSI, and positive allometric growth. It also enhanced survival (73.3%) and relative percent survival (RPS = 65.6%) following <i data-eusoft-scrollable-element="1">S. agalactiae</i> ENC06 infection. Antibacterial efficacy and physiological responses showed positive correlations with nanoparticle characteristics. These findings suggest that AND-NLCs enhance bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy, supporting their potential as a functional dietary additive to promote growth and improve disease resistance in tilapia aquaculture.
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series Animals
spelling doaj-art-3d52c1ddfead49da8f77558d24b76ac12025-08-20T03:55:49ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152025-07-011514211710.3390/ani15142117Effects of Andrographolide-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers on Growth, Feed Efficiency, and Resistance to <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> in Nile Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>)Warut Kengkittipat0Manoj Tukaram Kamble1Sirikorn Kitiyodom2Jakarwan Yostawonkul3Gotchagorn Sawatphakdee4Kim D. Thompson5Seema Vijay Medhe6Nopadon Pirarat7International Graduate Course of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Wildlife, Exotic, and Aquatic Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Wildlife, Exotic, and Aquatic Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandNational Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Wildlife, Exotic, and Aquatic Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandMoredun Research Institute, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UKASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Putthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Wildlife, Exotic, and Aquatic Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandThe increasing demand for sustainable disease management in aquaculture has intensified interest in plant-based therapeutics. This study evaluated the formulation and efficacy of andrographolide-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (AND-NLCs) in Nile tilapia (<i data-eusoft-scrollable-element="1">Oreochromis niloticus</i>) challenged with <i data-eusoft-scrollable-element="1">Streptococcus agalactiae</i> ENC06. AND-NLCs were prepared by the phase-inversion technique and characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and in vitro release profiling. Antibacterial activity was assessed by measuring inhibition zone diameters, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Growth performance, feed utilization, hepatosomatic index (HSI), and disease resistance were evaluated over a 60-day feeding trial. The AND-NLCs exhibited an optimal particle size (189.6 nm), high encapsulation efficiency (90.58%), sustained release, and structural stability. Compared to the free AND and control group, AND-NLC supplementation significantly improved growth, feed efficiency, HSI, and positive allometric growth. It also enhanced survival (73.3%) and relative percent survival (RPS = 65.6%) following <i data-eusoft-scrollable-element="1">S. agalactiae</i> ENC06 infection. Antibacterial efficacy and physiological responses showed positive correlations with nanoparticle characteristics. These findings suggest that AND-NLCs enhance bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy, supporting their potential as a functional dietary additive to promote growth and improve disease resistance in tilapia aquaculture.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/14/2117Nile tilapiaandrographolidenanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs)<i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i>aquacultureantibacterial activity
spellingShingle Warut Kengkittipat
Manoj Tukaram Kamble
Sirikorn Kitiyodom
Jakarwan Yostawonkul
Gotchagorn Sawatphakdee
Kim D. Thompson
Seema Vijay Medhe
Nopadon Pirarat
Effects of Andrographolide-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers on Growth, Feed Efficiency, and Resistance to <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> in Nile Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>)
Animals
Nile tilapia
andrographolide
nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs)
<i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i>
aquaculture
antibacterial activity
title Effects of Andrographolide-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers on Growth, Feed Efficiency, and Resistance to <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> in Nile Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>)
title_full Effects of Andrographolide-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers on Growth, Feed Efficiency, and Resistance to <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> in Nile Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>)
title_fullStr Effects of Andrographolide-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers on Growth, Feed Efficiency, and Resistance to <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> in Nile Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>)
title_full_unstemmed Effects of Andrographolide-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers on Growth, Feed Efficiency, and Resistance to <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> in Nile Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>)
title_short Effects of Andrographolide-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers on Growth, Feed Efficiency, and Resistance to <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> in Nile Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>)
title_sort effects of andrographolide loaded nanostructured lipid carriers on growth feed efficiency and resistance to i streptococcus agalactiae i in nile tilapia i oreochromis niloticus i
topic Nile tilapia
andrographolide
nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs)
<i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i>
aquaculture
antibacterial activity
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/14/2117
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