A review of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and biomarkers
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) have demonstrated efficacy in treating various cancers by modulating the immune system, but this can lead to immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including myocarditis. ICI-associated myocarditis is a rare but highly lethal irAE with a short mean time to onset, an...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Taylor & Francis Group
2025-12-01
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| Series: | Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/21645515.2025.2512645 |
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| author | Le Xu Yukai Chen Lin Xiong Yang Shen Zhuolin Zhou Siyu Wang Ximing Xu |
| author_facet | Le Xu Yukai Chen Lin Xiong Yang Shen Zhuolin Zhou Siyu Wang Ximing Xu |
| author_sort | Le Xu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) have demonstrated efficacy in treating various cancers by modulating the immune system, but this can lead to immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including myocarditis. ICI-associated myocarditis is a rare but highly lethal irAE with a short mean time to onset, and difficult to diagnose early due to nonspecific symptoms and lack of biomarkers. This review highlights the need for improved recognition and management of ICI-associated myocarditis, summarizing recent advances in immunology, pathology, and biomarker research. We discuss the epidemiology, clinical features, immunological mechanisms, and roles of biomarkers in diagnosis and risk stratification. Traditional biomarkers like cTnI and hs-cTnT are sensitive but lack specificity, while emerging biomarkers like miR-155 show tissue specificity. Inflammatory markers such as NLR and CRP aid prognosis but have limited diagnostic value. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3cb5e7efb12d4fa289e1aa0dfc7f68c5 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2164-5515 2164-554X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-12-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics |
| spelling | doaj-art-3cb5e7efb12d4fa289e1aa0dfc7f68c52025-08-20T03:44:51ZengTaylor & Francis GroupHuman Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics2164-55152164-554X2025-12-0121110.1080/21645515.2025.2512645A review of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and biomarkersLe Xu0Yukai Chen1Lin Xiong2Yang Shen3Zhuolin Zhou4Siyu Wang5Ximing Xu6Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaCancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaPathology Department, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaCancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaCancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaCancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaCancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaImmune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) have demonstrated efficacy in treating various cancers by modulating the immune system, but this can lead to immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including myocarditis. ICI-associated myocarditis is a rare but highly lethal irAE with a short mean time to onset, and difficult to diagnose early due to nonspecific symptoms and lack of biomarkers. This review highlights the need for improved recognition and management of ICI-associated myocarditis, summarizing recent advances in immunology, pathology, and biomarker research. We discuss the epidemiology, clinical features, immunological mechanisms, and roles of biomarkers in diagnosis and risk stratification. Traditional biomarkers like cTnI and hs-cTnT are sensitive but lack specificity, while emerging biomarkers like miR-155 show tissue specificity. Inflammatory markers such as NLR and CRP aid prognosis but have limited diagnostic value.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/21645515.2025.2512645BiomarkersirAEsimmune checkpoint inhibitorsmyocarditispharmacology |
| spellingShingle | Le Xu Yukai Chen Lin Xiong Yang Shen Zhuolin Zhou Siyu Wang Ximing Xu A review of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and biomarkers Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Biomarkers irAEs immune checkpoint inhibitors myocarditis pharmacology |
| title | A review of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and biomarkers |
| title_full | A review of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and biomarkers |
| title_fullStr | A review of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and biomarkers |
| title_full_unstemmed | A review of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and biomarkers |
| title_short | A review of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and biomarkers |
| title_sort | review of immune checkpoint inhibitor associated myocarditis epidemiology pathogenesis and biomarkers |
| topic | Biomarkers irAEs immune checkpoint inhibitors myocarditis pharmacology |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/21645515.2025.2512645 |
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