Vanillin Has Potent Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities In Vitro and in Mouse Colitis Induced by Multidrug-Resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i>
A large number of cases of infectious colitis caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, such as <i>Escherichia coli</i>, can result in colon damage and severe inflammation. Vanilla, a widely utilized flavor and fragrance compound, is extensively used in various food. However, the eff...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/13/12/1544 |
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| author | Jiaxue Wang Wei An Zhenlong Wang Ya Zhao Bing Han Hui Tao Jinquan Wang Xiumin Wang |
| author_facet | Jiaxue Wang Wei An Zhenlong Wang Ya Zhao Bing Han Hui Tao Jinquan Wang Xiumin Wang |
| author_sort | Jiaxue Wang |
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| description | A large number of cases of infectious colitis caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, such as <i>Escherichia coli</i>, can result in colon damage and severe inflammation. Vanilla, a widely utilized flavor and fragrance compound, is extensively used in various food. However, the effect of vanilla on MDR <i>E. coli</i>-induced infectious colitis has received less attention. In this study, the antibacterial activity of vanillin against MDR <i>E. coli</i> and other bacteria was determined by the microtiter broth dilution method. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of vanillin was assessed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and MDR <i>E. coli</i>-induced mouse colitis. The results demonstrated that vanillin exhibited potent antibacterial activity against various strains of MDR <i>E. coli</i>, <i>Salmonella</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.25–2.5 mg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 5–10 mg/mL; it effectively inhibited cell division in <i>E. coli</i>. Vanillin also displayed remarkable antioxidant activity by suppressing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell; it significantly reduced the production of inflammatory mediators including nitroxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), while increasing interleukin 10 (IL-10). In an MDR <i>E. coli</i>-induced mouse colitis model, vanillin effectively inhibited inflammation by suppressing inflammatory cytokines, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor κ-B (NF-κB) cell signaling pathway activation; it ameliorated changes in intestinal microflora characterized by decreased Firmicutes richness alongside increased Bacteroides richness, rebalancing the dysbiosis caused by <i>E. coli</i>. These findings highlight the potential pharmacological applicability of vanillin as a promising bioactive molecule for treating infectious colitis. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-394d9841484c4635bc3ac9e52b0bc0bb |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj-art-394d9841484c4635bc3ac9e52b0bc0bb2024-12-27T14:06:55ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212024-12-011312154410.3390/antiox13121544Vanillin Has Potent Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities In Vitro and in Mouse Colitis Induced by Multidrug-Resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i>Jiaxue Wang0Wei An1Zhenlong Wang2Ya Zhao3Bing Han4Hui Tao5Jinquan Wang6Xiumin Wang7Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaA large number of cases of infectious colitis caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, such as <i>Escherichia coli</i>, can result in colon damage and severe inflammation. Vanilla, a widely utilized flavor and fragrance compound, is extensively used in various food. However, the effect of vanilla on MDR <i>E. coli</i>-induced infectious colitis has received less attention. In this study, the antibacterial activity of vanillin against MDR <i>E. coli</i> and other bacteria was determined by the microtiter broth dilution method. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of vanillin was assessed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and MDR <i>E. coli</i>-induced mouse colitis. The results demonstrated that vanillin exhibited potent antibacterial activity against various strains of MDR <i>E. coli</i>, <i>Salmonella</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.25–2.5 mg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 5–10 mg/mL; it effectively inhibited cell division in <i>E. coli</i>. Vanillin also displayed remarkable antioxidant activity by suppressing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell; it significantly reduced the production of inflammatory mediators including nitroxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), while increasing interleukin 10 (IL-10). In an MDR <i>E. coli</i>-induced mouse colitis model, vanillin effectively inhibited inflammation by suppressing inflammatory cytokines, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor κ-B (NF-κB) cell signaling pathway activation; it ameliorated changes in intestinal microflora characterized by decreased Firmicutes richness alongside increased Bacteroides richness, rebalancing the dysbiosis caused by <i>E. coli</i>. These findings highlight the potential pharmacological applicability of vanillin as a promising bioactive molecule for treating infectious colitis.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/13/12/1544vanillin<i>Escherichia coli</i>antibacterialantioxidantanti-inflammatory |
| spellingShingle | Jiaxue Wang Wei An Zhenlong Wang Ya Zhao Bing Han Hui Tao Jinquan Wang Xiumin Wang Vanillin Has Potent Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities In Vitro and in Mouse Colitis Induced by Multidrug-Resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> Antioxidants vanillin <i>Escherichia coli</i> antibacterial antioxidant anti-inflammatory |
| title | Vanillin Has Potent Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities In Vitro and in Mouse Colitis Induced by Multidrug-Resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> |
| title_full | Vanillin Has Potent Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities In Vitro and in Mouse Colitis Induced by Multidrug-Resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> |
| title_fullStr | Vanillin Has Potent Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities In Vitro and in Mouse Colitis Induced by Multidrug-Resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vanillin Has Potent Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities In Vitro and in Mouse Colitis Induced by Multidrug-Resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> |
| title_short | Vanillin Has Potent Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities In Vitro and in Mouse Colitis Induced by Multidrug-Resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> |
| title_sort | vanillin has potent antibacterial antioxidant and anti inflammatory activities in vitro and in mouse colitis induced by multidrug resistant i escherichia coli i |
| topic | vanillin <i>Escherichia coli</i> antibacterial antioxidant anti-inflammatory |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/13/12/1544 |
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