Investigating the toxicity of malachite green and copper sulfate in brine shrimp: In-vivo and computational study
Colour is crucial for enhancing the appetizing value and consumer acceptance of food products. The commonly used food colourants and food preservatives such as Malachite Green (MG) and Copper Sulfate (CS) can cause severe health problems. This study investigates the toxicity of these food-grade colo...
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Elsevier
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Toxicology Reports |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221475002400194X |
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| author | Haja Nazeer Ahamed Ismail Y Irfan Navabshan Mohammed Zaidh S Shanmugarajan TS Ilham Jaleel Thameemul Ansari LH |
| author_facet | Haja Nazeer Ahamed Ismail Y Irfan Navabshan Mohammed Zaidh S Shanmugarajan TS Ilham Jaleel Thameemul Ansari LH |
| author_sort | Haja Nazeer Ahamed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Colour is crucial for enhancing the appetizing value and consumer acceptance of food products. The commonly used food colourants and food preservatives such as Malachite Green (MG) and Copper Sulfate (CS) can cause severe health problems. This study investigates the toxicity of these food-grade colourants through acute exposure using in vivo cytotoxicity using the brine shrimp model including 3D surface analysis (3DSA) and in-silico studies Brine shrimp were treated with various concentrations of MG and CS. The cytotoxic effect was confirmed by brine shrimp lethality assay and 3DSA. Molecular docking and Molecular Dynamic simulation were done using hAChE binding cavity. Results showed that concentrations (2.5–10 µg/ml) of MG and CS significantly decreased locomotor behaviour within 1 h, while higher concentrations (10–100 µg/ml) caused high mortality rates. Morphological studies revealed that there is a significant reduction (p<0.05) in shrimp length treated with MG and CS. The 3DSA indicates that there is an inappropriate surface of the shrimp morphology. Interestingly, MG-treated shrimps had shown significant inhibition of AChE in homogenates, indicating cholinergic nerve-mediated toxicity. Computational studies showed MG confined active binding with human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE), with a binding energy MMGBSA of −51.3 kcal/mol. MD simulation confirmed reversible binding stability inside the hAChE pocket. It can be concluded that acute exposure to brine shrimps with MG and CS exhibited cytotoxicity as evidenced by the increase in mortality of the shrimps. This study further warrants the investigation of MG and CS residues from commonly used fruits and vegetables and their putative toxic effect using in-vivo studies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-366f18a9da6e436f935f95c7fc649920 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2214-7500 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxicology Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-366f18a9da6e436f935f95c7fc6499202024-12-19T10:54:53ZengElsevierToxicology Reports2214-75002024-12-0113101811Investigating the toxicity of malachite green and copper sulfate in brine shrimp: In-vivo and computational studyHaja Nazeer Ahamed0Ismail Y1Irfan Navabshan2Mohammed Zaidh S3Shanmugarajan TS4Ilham Jaleel5Thameemul Ansari LH6Crescent School of Pharmacy, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Seethakathi Estate, GST Road, Vandalur, Chennai 600048, India; Correspondinga author at: Crescent School of Pharmacy, BS Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Seethakathi Estate, GST Road, Vandalur, Chennai 600048, India.Crescent School of Pharmacy, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Seethakathi Estate, GST Road, Vandalur, Chennai 600048, IndiaCrescent School of Pharmacy, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Seethakathi Estate, GST Road, Vandalur, Chennai 600048, IndiaCrescent School of Pharmacy, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Seethakathi Estate, GST Road, Vandalur, Chennai 600048, IndiaProfessor and Head, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, IndiaDepartment of Physiology, Panimalar Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Poonamallee, Chennai, IndiaCrescent School of Pharmacy, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Seethakathi Estate, GST Road, Vandalur, Chennai 600048, IndiaColour is crucial for enhancing the appetizing value and consumer acceptance of food products. The commonly used food colourants and food preservatives such as Malachite Green (MG) and Copper Sulfate (CS) can cause severe health problems. This study investigates the toxicity of these food-grade colourants through acute exposure using in vivo cytotoxicity using the brine shrimp model including 3D surface analysis (3DSA) and in-silico studies Brine shrimp were treated with various concentrations of MG and CS. The cytotoxic effect was confirmed by brine shrimp lethality assay and 3DSA. Molecular docking and Molecular Dynamic simulation were done using hAChE binding cavity. Results showed that concentrations (2.5–10 µg/ml) of MG and CS significantly decreased locomotor behaviour within 1 h, while higher concentrations (10–100 µg/ml) caused high mortality rates. Morphological studies revealed that there is a significant reduction (p<0.05) in shrimp length treated with MG and CS. The 3DSA indicates that there is an inappropriate surface of the shrimp morphology. Interestingly, MG-treated shrimps had shown significant inhibition of AChE in homogenates, indicating cholinergic nerve-mediated toxicity. Computational studies showed MG confined active binding with human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE), with a binding energy MMGBSA of −51.3 kcal/mol. MD simulation confirmed reversible binding stability inside the hAChE pocket. It can be concluded that acute exposure to brine shrimps with MG and CS exhibited cytotoxicity as evidenced by the increase in mortality of the shrimps. This study further warrants the investigation of MG and CS residues from commonly used fruits and vegetables and their putative toxic effect using in-vivo studies.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221475002400194XArtemia salinaMalachite Green (MG)Copper Sulphate (CS)3-Dimensional Surface Analysis (3DSA)Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
| spellingShingle | Haja Nazeer Ahamed Ismail Y Irfan Navabshan Mohammed Zaidh S Shanmugarajan TS Ilham Jaleel Thameemul Ansari LH Investigating the toxicity of malachite green and copper sulfate in brine shrimp: In-vivo and computational study Toxicology Reports Artemia salina Malachite Green (MG) Copper Sulphate (CS) 3-Dimensional Surface Analysis (3DSA) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
| title | Investigating the toxicity of malachite green and copper sulfate in brine shrimp: In-vivo and computational study |
| title_full | Investigating the toxicity of malachite green and copper sulfate in brine shrimp: In-vivo and computational study |
| title_fullStr | Investigating the toxicity of malachite green and copper sulfate in brine shrimp: In-vivo and computational study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigating the toxicity of malachite green and copper sulfate in brine shrimp: In-vivo and computational study |
| title_short | Investigating the toxicity of malachite green and copper sulfate in brine shrimp: In-vivo and computational study |
| title_sort | investigating the toxicity of malachite green and copper sulfate in brine shrimp in vivo and computational study |
| topic | Artemia salina Malachite Green (MG) Copper Sulphate (CS) 3-Dimensional Surface Analysis (3DSA) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221475002400194X |
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