Minimum and Stable Coefficient of Thermal Expansion by Three-Step Heat Treatment of Invar 36
The low coefficient of thermal expansion of Invar 36 represents a significant consideration in light of its potential effects, particularly in industrial applications where thermal stability is of paramount importance. In light of this, a three-step heat treatment was employed, to reduce the thermal...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Mehmet Kul Bekir Akgül Yusuf Ziya Karabay Leonhard Hitzler Enes Sert Markus Merkel |
| author_facet | Mehmet Kul Bekir Akgül Yusuf Ziya Karabay Leonhard Hitzler Enes Sert Markus Merkel |
| author_sort | Mehmet Kul |
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| description | The low coefficient of thermal expansion of Invar 36 represents a significant consideration in light of its potential effects, particularly in industrial applications where thermal stability is of paramount importance. In light of this, a three-step heat treatment was employed, to reduce the thermal expansion coefficient, and enhance the thermal dimensional stability. The ingots produced by vacuum induction melting were subjected to a warm-rolling process at 900 °C, followed by a three-step heat treatment consisting of water quenching at 850 °C, tempering at 350 °C with a holding time of 1 h, and aging at 100 °C for 24 h. This process enabled the coefficient of thermal expansion to remain almost unchanged, exhibiting values between 0.5 and 0.6 × 10<sup>−6</sup>/°C up to 150 °C. Following the heat treatment, the total elongation increased up to 40% as a natural consequence of the reduction of residual stresses, while a slight decrease in tensile strength was observed. The implementation of a three-step heat treatment process has facilitated an enhancement of the soft magnetic property, which has exhibited a decline in coercivity and an increase in saturation magnetization. As a consequence, three-step heat-treated Invar 36 alloys are emerging as a potential candidate for utilization in the aerospace and precision electronics industries, given their satisfactory physical and mechanical characteristics. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| spelling | doaj-art-361fa5b032b64d40a2182bf9ecbdd2322024-12-27T14:19:53ZengMDPI AGCrystals2073-43522024-12-011412109710.3390/cryst14121097Minimum and Stable Coefficient of Thermal Expansion by Three-Step Heat Treatment of Invar 36Mehmet Kul0Bekir Akgül1Yusuf Ziya Karabay2Leonhard Hitzler3Enes Sert4Markus Merkel5Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas 58000, TürkiyeDepartment of Aeronautical Engineering, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas 58000, TürkiyeTÜBİTAK SAGE, Advanced Materials Technologies Division, PK 16, Mamak, Ankara 06484, TürkiyeSchool of Engineering and Design, Institute of Material Science, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, GermanyInstitute for Virtual Product Development, Aalen University of Applied Sciences, 73430 Aalen, GermanyInstitute for Virtual Product Development, Aalen University of Applied Sciences, 73430 Aalen, GermanyThe low coefficient of thermal expansion of Invar 36 represents a significant consideration in light of its potential effects, particularly in industrial applications where thermal stability is of paramount importance. In light of this, a three-step heat treatment was employed, to reduce the thermal expansion coefficient, and enhance the thermal dimensional stability. The ingots produced by vacuum induction melting were subjected to a warm-rolling process at 900 °C, followed by a three-step heat treatment consisting of water quenching at 850 °C, tempering at 350 °C with a holding time of 1 h, and aging at 100 °C for 24 h. This process enabled the coefficient of thermal expansion to remain almost unchanged, exhibiting values between 0.5 and 0.6 × 10<sup>−6</sup>/°C up to 150 °C. Following the heat treatment, the total elongation increased up to 40% as a natural consequence of the reduction of residual stresses, while a slight decrease in tensile strength was observed. The implementation of a three-step heat treatment process has facilitated an enhancement of the soft magnetic property, which has exhibited a decline in coercivity and an increase in saturation magnetization. As a consequence, three-step heat-treated Invar 36 alloys are emerging as a potential candidate for utilization in the aerospace and precision electronics industries, given their satisfactory physical and mechanical characteristics.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/12/1097Invar 36three-step heat treatmentlow CTEdimensional stability of thermallymagnetic properties |
| spellingShingle | Mehmet Kul Bekir Akgül Yusuf Ziya Karabay Leonhard Hitzler Enes Sert Markus Merkel Minimum and Stable Coefficient of Thermal Expansion by Three-Step Heat Treatment of Invar 36 Crystals Invar 36 three-step heat treatment low CTE dimensional stability of thermally magnetic properties |
| title | Minimum and Stable Coefficient of Thermal Expansion by Three-Step Heat Treatment of Invar 36 |
| title_full | Minimum and Stable Coefficient of Thermal Expansion by Three-Step Heat Treatment of Invar 36 |
| title_fullStr | Minimum and Stable Coefficient of Thermal Expansion by Three-Step Heat Treatment of Invar 36 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Minimum and Stable Coefficient of Thermal Expansion by Three-Step Heat Treatment of Invar 36 |
| title_short | Minimum and Stable Coefficient of Thermal Expansion by Three-Step Heat Treatment of Invar 36 |
| title_sort | minimum and stable coefficient of thermal expansion by three step heat treatment of invar 36 |
| topic | Invar 36 three-step heat treatment low CTE dimensional stability of thermally magnetic properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/12/1097 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mehmetkul minimumandstablecoefficientofthermalexpansionbythreestepheattreatmentofinvar36 AT bekirakgul minimumandstablecoefficientofthermalexpansionbythreestepheattreatmentofinvar36 AT yusufziyakarabay minimumandstablecoefficientofthermalexpansionbythreestepheattreatmentofinvar36 AT leonhardhitzler minimumandstablecoefficientofthermalexpansionbythreestepheattreatmentofinvar36 AT enessert minimumandstablecoefficientofthermalexpansionbythreestepheattreatmentofinvar36 AT markusmerkel minimumandstablecoefficientofthermalexpansionbythreestepheattreatmentofinvar36 |