Clostridium difficile Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Therapeutic Options
The incidence and mortality rate of Clostridium difficile infection have increased remarkably in both hospital and community settings during the last two decades. The growth of infection may be caused by multiple factors including inappropriate antibiotic usage, poor standards of environmental clean...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2014-01-01
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| Series: | Scientifica |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/916826 |
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| author | Mehdi Goudarzi Sima Sadat Seyedjavadi Hossein Goudarzi Elnaz Mehdizadeh Aghdam Saeed Nazeri |
| author_facet | Mehdi Goudarzi Sima Sadat Seyedjavadi Hossein Goudarzi Elnaz Mehdizadeh Aghdam Saeed Nazeri |
| author_sort | Mehdi Goudarzi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The incidence and mortality rate of Clostridium difficile infection have increased remarkably in both hospital and community settings during the last two decades. The growth of infection may be caused by multiple factors including inappropriate antibiotic usage, poor standards of environmental cleanliness, changes in infection control practices, large outbreaks of C. difficile infection in hospitals, alteration of circulating strains of C. difficile, and spread of hypervirulent strains. Detection of high-risk populations could be helpful for prompt diagnosis and consequent treatment of patients suffering from C. difficile infection. Metronidazole and oral vancomycin are recommended antibiotics for the treatment of initial infection. Current treatments for C. difficile infection consist of supportive care, discontinuing the unnecessary antibiotic, and specific antimicrobial therapy. Moreover, novel approaches include fidaxomicin therapy, monoclonal antibodies, and fecal microbiota transplantation mediated therapy. Fecal microbiota transplantation has shown relevant efficacy to overcome C. difficile infection and reduce its recurrence. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-360f2913eefb4748a853ec0ab6e359e9 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2090-908X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2014-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientifica |
| spelling | doaj-art-360f2913eefb4748a853ec0ab6e359e92025-08-20T03:55:07ZengWileyScientifica2090-908X2014-01-01201410.1155/2014/916826916826Clostridium difficile Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Therapeutic OptionsMehdi Goudarzi0Sima Sadat Seyedjavadi1Hossein Goudarzi2Elnaz Mehdizadeh Aghdam3Saeed Nazeri4Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, IranDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran (IPI), No. 358, 12th Farwardin Avenue, Jomhhoori Street, Tehran 1316943551, IranDepartment of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, IranDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran (IPI), No. 358, 12th Farwardin Avenue, Jomhhoori Street, Tehran 1316943551, IranThe incidence and mortality rate of Clostridium difficile infection have increased remarkably in both hospital and community settings during the last two decades. The growth of infection may be caused by multiple factors including inappropriate antibiotic usage, poor standards of environmental cleanliness, changes in infection control practices, large outbreaks of C. difficile infection in hospitals, alteration of circulating strains of C. difficile, and spread of hypervirulent strains. Detection of high-risk populations could be helpful for prompt diagnosis and consequent treatment of patients suffering from C. difficile infection. Metronidazole and oral vancomycin are recommended antibiotics for the treatment of initial infection. Current treatments for C. difficile infection consist of supportive care, discontinuing the unnecessary antibiotic, and specific antimicrobial therapy. Moreover, novel approaches include fidaxomicin therapy, monoclonal antibodies, and fecal microbiota transplantation mediated therapy. Fecal microbiota transplantation has shown relevant efficacy to overcome C. difficile infection and reduce its recurrence.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/916826 |
| spellingShingle | Mehdi Goudarzi Sima Sadat Seyedjavadi Hossein Goudarzi Elnaz Mehdizadeh Aghdam Saeed Nazeri Clostridium difficile Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Therapeutic Options Scientifica |
| title | Clostridium difficile Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Therapeutic Options |
| title_full | Clostridium difficile Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Therapeutic Options |
| title_fullStr | Clostridium difficile Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Therapeutic Options |
| title_full_unstemmed | Clostridium difficile Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Therapeutic Options |
| title_short | Clostridium difficile Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Therapeutic Options |
| title_sort | clostridium difficile infection epidemiology pathogenesis risk factors and therapeutic options |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/916826 |
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