PUPIL DIAMETER AND MACHINE LEARNING FOR DEPRESSION DETECTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH DEEP LEARNING MODELS
According to the World Health Organization, the Global Mental Health Report estimated that between 251 and 310 million individuals worldwide experienced depression during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most methods for detecting depression rely on clinical diagnoses and surveys. However,...
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Polish Association for Knowledge Promotion
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Applied Computer Science |
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| Online Access: | https://ph.pollub.pl/index.php/acs/article/view/6628 |
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| author | Islam MOHAMED Mohamed EL-WAKAD Khaled ABBAS Mohamed ABOAMER Nader A. Rahman MOHAMED |
| author_facet | Islam MOHAMED Mohamed EL-WAKAD Khaled ABBAS Mohamed ABOAMER Nader A. Rahman MOHAMED |
| author_sort | Islam MOHAMED |
| collection | DOAJ |
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According to the World Health Organization, the Global Mental Health Report estimated that between 251 and 310 million individuals worldwide experienced depression during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most methods for detecting depression rely on clinical diagnoses and surveys. However, the American Psychiatric Association reports that over 50% of patients do not receive appropriate treatment. This study aims to utilize machine learning and pupil diameter features to identify depression and evaluate the accuracy of these classifiers in comparison to our previous deep learning model. While limited research has explored the use of pupillary diameter as a classification tool for distinguishing between individuals with and without depression, several studies have focused on EEG signals for this purpose. The study involved 58 participants, with 29 classified as depressed and 29 as healthy. The classification was based on statistical features extracted from the Hilbert-Huang Transform. Results showed a significant improvement in average accuracy compared to the authors’ prior work, with the current study achieving 77.72% accuracy, compared to 64.78% in their previous research. Machine learning methods, particularly Bagging, outperformed deep learning models such as AlexNet when classifying data from the left and right eyes individually (90.91% vs. 78.57% for the left eye; 90.91% vs. 71.43% for the right eye). However, when combining data from both eyes, deep learning using AlexNet demonstrated superior performance (98.28% accuracy compared to 93.75% using Bagging with statistical features from both eyes). Despite the higher accuracy of deep learning, machine learning is recommended for its faster execution times.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-32620a524c24422ea06a6628b4ccef83 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2353-6977 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Polish Association for Knowledge Promotion |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Computer Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-32620a524c24422ea06a6628b4ccef832025-01-09T12:44:45ZengPolish Association for Knowledge PromotionApplied Computer Science2353-69772024-12-0120410.35784/acs-2024-41PUPIL DIAMETER AND MACHINE LEARNING FOR DEPRESSION DETECTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH DEEP LEARNING MODELSIslam MOHAMED0https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4408-7190Mohamed EL-WAKAD1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2637-1048Khaled ABBAS2https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0913-4163Mohamed ABOAMER3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4433-776XNader A. Rahman MOHAMED4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7680-306XHigher Technological Institute, Biomedical Engineering DepartmentFuture University, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Biomedical Engineering DepartmentHigher Technological Institute, Electronics and Communication DepartmentMajmaah University, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Medical Equipment Technology DepartmentMisr University for Science and Technology (MUST) - Faculty of Engineering - Biomedical Engineering Department. According to the World Health Organization, the Global Mental Health Report estimated that between 251 and 310 million individuals worldwide experienced depression during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most methods for detecting depression rely on clinical diagnoses and surveys. However, the American Psychiatric Association reports that over 50% of patients do not receive appropriate treatment. This study aims to utilize machine learning and pupil diameter features to identify depression and evaluate the accuracy of these classifiers in comparison to our previous deep learning model. While limited research has explored the use of pupillary diameter as a classification tool for distinguishing between individuals with and without depression, several studies have focused on EEG signals for this purpose. The study involved 58 participants, with 29 classified as depressed and 29 as healthy. The classification was based on statistical features extracted from the Hilbert-Huang Transform. Results showed a significant improvement in average accuracy compared to the authors’ prior work, with the current study achieving 77.72% accuracy, compared to 64.78% in their previous research. Machine learning methods, particularly Bagging, outperformed deep learning models such as AlexNet when classifying data from the left and right eyes individually (90.91% vs. 78.57% for the left eye; 90.91% vs. 71.43% for the right eye). However, when combining data from both eyes, deep learning using AlexNet demonstrated superior performance (98.28% accuracy compared to 93.75% using Bagging with statistical features from both eyes). Despite the higher accuracy of deep learning, machine learning is recommended for its faster execution times. https://ph.pollub.pl/index.php/acs/article/view/6628Pupil Diameter (PD)Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)Machine Learning (ML)Hilbert–Huang Transform (HHT)Cross-validation (CV) |
| spellingShingle | Islam MOHAMED Mohamed EL-WAKAD Khaled ABBAS Mohamed ABOAMER Nader A. Rahman MOHAMED PUPIL DIAMETER AND MACHINE LEARNING FOR DEPRESSION DETECTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH DEEP LEARNING MODELS Applied Computer Science Pupil Diameter (PD) Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Machine Learning (ML) Hilbert–Huang Transform (HHT) Cross-validation (CV) |
| title | PUPIL DIAMETER AND MACHINE LEARNING FOR DEPRESSION DETECTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH DEEP LEARNING MODELS |
| title_full | PUPIL DIAMETER AND MACHINE LEARNING FOR DEPRESSION DETECTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH DEEP LEARNING MODELS |
| title_fullStr | PUPIL DIAMETER AND MACHINE LEARNING FOR DEPRESSION DETECTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH DEEP LEARNING MODELS |
| title_full_unstemmed | PUPIL DIAMETER AND MACHINE LEARNING FOR DEPRESSION DETECTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH DEEP LEARNING MODELS |
| title_short | PUPIL DIAMETER AND MACHINE LEARNING FOR DEPRESSION DETECTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH DEEP LEARNING MODELS |
| title_sort | pupil diameter and machine learning for depression detection a comparative study with deep learning models |
| topic | Pupil Diameter (PD) Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Machine Learning (ML) Hilbert–Huang Transform (HHT) Cross-validation (CV) |
| url | https://ph.pollub.pl/index.php/acs/article/view/6628 |
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