Harnessing μ‐X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Tool to Assess Extracellular Vesicle‐Induced Biomineralization

Bone cell‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been increasingly investigated as novel acellular strategies for bone regeneration due to their pro‐regenerative potency. The evaluation of such bone repair enhancement strategies commonly lies in the assessment of cell‐mediated mineral deposition,...

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Main Authors: Mathieu Y. Brunet, Adam McGuinness, Kenny Man, Marie‐Christine Jones, Sophie C. Cox
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley-VCH 2025-06-01
Series:Advanced NanoBiomed Research
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1002/anbr.202400184
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author Mathieu Y. Brunet
Adam McGuinness
Kenny Man
Marie‐Christine Jones
Sophie C. Cox
author_facet Mathieu Y. Brunet
Adam McGuinness
Kenny Man
Marie‐Christine Jones
Sophie C. Cox
author_sort Mathieu Y. Brunet
collection DOAJ
description Bone cell‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been increasingly investigated as novel acellular strategies for bone regeneration due to their pro‐regenerative potency. The evaluation of such bone repair enhancement strategies commonly lies in the assessment of cell‐mediated mineral deposition, associated with destructive and nonhigh‐throughput methods. Herein, a robust methodology is presented to assess the osteogenic potential of an EV therapy using μ‐X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ‐XRF). Mineralizing osteoblast‐derived EVs (MO‐EVs) are isolated from conditioned media via ultracentrifugation and comprehensively characterized. Their pro‐osteogenic potency is validated via alkaline phosphatase activity, alizarin red, and picrosirius red staining for the evaluation of calcium and matrix deposition, respectively. μ‐XRF is first employed to quantify calcium and phosphorous levels as markers of minerals generating 2D elemental maps of the cultures. The in‐depth downstream analysis of the elemental maps reveals that MO‐EVs modulate mineralization in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner as MO‐EV concentration from 5 μg mL−1 significantly increases mineral coverage and increases calcium/phosphate levels in mineralized phases. Together, these results demonstrate the potential of μ‐XRF, allowing the examination of elemental levels, mineral coverage, and chemical phases in a single process and thus, offering a new platform for the therapeutic screening of osteogenic technologies with a resolution accommodating biological workflows.
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spelling doaj-art-31f703b1a07c4057a0a09b34870f8a2c2025-08-20T03:45:10ZengWiley-VCHAdvanced NanoBiomed Research2699-93072025-06-0156n/an/a10.1002/anbr.202400184Harnessing μ‐X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Tool to Assess Extracellular Vesicle‐Induced BiomineralizationMathieu Y. Brunet0Adam McGuinness1Kenny Man2Marie‐Christine Jones3Sophie C. Cox4School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UKSchool of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UKDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Special Dental Care University Medical Centre Utrecht Utrecht GA 3508 NetherlandsSchool of Pharmacy Institute of Clinical Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UKSchool of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UKBone cell‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been increasingly investigated as novel acellular strategies for bone regeneration due to their pro‐regenerative potency. The evaluation of such bone repair enhancement strategies commonly lies in the assessment of cell‐mediated mineral deposition, associated with destructive and nonhigh‐throughput methods. Herein, a robust methodology is presented to assess the osteogenic potential of an EV therapy using μ‐X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ‐XRF). Mineralizing osteoblast‐derived EVs (MO‐EVs) are isolated from conditioned media via ultracentrifugation and comprehensively characterized. Their pro‐osteogenic potency is validated via alkaline phosphatase activity, alizarin red, and picrosirius red staining for the evaluation of calcium and matrix deposition, respectively. μ‐XRF is first employed to quantify calcium and phosphorous levels as markers of minerals generating 2D elemental maps of the cultures. The in‐depth downstream analysis of the elemental maps reveals that MO‐EVs modulate mineralization in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner as MO‐EV concentration from 5 μg mL−1 significantly increases mineral coverage and increases calcium/phosphate levels in mineralized phases. Together, these results demonstrate the potential of μ‐XRF, allowing the examination of elemental levels, mineral coverage, and chemical phases in a single process and thus, offering a new platform for the therapeutic screening of osteogenic technologies with a resolution accommodating biological workflows.https://doi.org/10.1002/anbr.202400184μ‐X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopiesbiomineralizationsbonesextracellular vesiclesosteoblasts
spellingShingle Mathieu Y. Brunet
Adam McGuinness
Kenny Man
Marie‐Christine Jones
Sophie C. Cox
Harnessing μ‐X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Tool to Assess Extracellular Vesicle‐Induced Biomineralization
Advanced NanoBiomed Research
μ‐X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopies
biomineralizations
bones
extracellular vesicles
osteoblasts
title Harnessing μ‐X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Tool to Assess Extracellular Vesicle‐Induced Biomineralization
title_full Harnessing μ‐X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Tool to Assess Extracellular Vesicle‐Induced Biomineralization
title_fullStr Harnessing μ‐X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Tool to Assess Extracellular Vesicle‐Induced Biomineralization
title_full_unstemmed Harnessing μ‐X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Tool to Assess Extracellular Vesicle‐Induced Biomineralization
title_short Harnessing μ‐X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Tool to Assess Extracellular Vesicle‐Induced Biomineralization
title_sort harnessing μ x ray fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool to assess extracellular vesicle induced biomineralization
topic μ‐X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopies
biomineralizations
bones
extracellular vesicles
osteoblasts
url https://doi.org/10.1002/anbr.202400184
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