Assessment of 3-Cyanobenzoic Acid as a Possible Herbicide Candidate: Effects on Maize Growth and Photosynthesis
Chemical weed control is a significant agricultural concern, and reliance on a limited range of herbicide action modes has increased resistant weed species, many of which use C4 metabolism. As a result, the identification of novel herbicidal agents with low toxicity targeting C4 plants becomes imper...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Luiz Henryque Escher Grizza Isabela de Carvalho Contesoto Ana Paula da Silva Mendonça Amanda Castro Comar Ana Paula Boromelo Ana Paula Ferro Rodrigo Polimeni Constantin Wanderley Dantas dos Santos Rogério Marchiosi Osvaldo Ferrarese-Filho |
| author_facet | Luiz Henryque Escher Grizza Isabela de Carvalho Contesoto Ana Paula da Silva Mendonça Amanda Castro Comar Ana Paula Boromelo Ana Paula Ferro Rodrigo Polimeni Constantin Wanderley Dantas dos Santos Rogério Marchiosi Osvaldo Ferrarese-Filho |
| author_sort | Luiz Henryque Escher Grizza |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chemical weed control is a significant agricultural concern, and reliance on a limited range of herbicide action modes has increased resistant weed species, many of which use C4 metabolism. As a result, the identification of novel herbicidal agents with low toxicity targeting C4 plants becomes imperative. An assessment was conducted on the impact of 3-cyanobenzoic acid on the growth and photosynthetic processes of maize (<i>Zea mays</i>), a representative C4 plant, cultivated hydroponically over 14 days. The results showed a significant reduction in plant growth and notable disruptions in gas exchange and chlorophyll <i>a</i> fluorescence due to the application of 3-cyanobenzoic acid, indicating compromised photosynthetic activity. Parameters such as the chlorophyll index, net assimilation (<i>A</i>), stomatal conductance (<i>g</i><sub>s</sub>), intercellular CO<sub>2</sub> concentration (<i>C</i><sub>i</sub>), maximum effective photochemical efficiency (F<sub>v′</sub>/F<sub>m′</sub>), photochemical quenching coefficient (q<sub>P</sub>), quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (ϕ<sub>PSII</sub>), and electron transport rate through PSII (ETR) all decreased. The <i>A</i>/PAR curve revealed reductions in the maximum net assimilation rate (<i>A</i><sub>max</sub>) and apparent quantum yield (ϕ), alongside an increased light compensation point (LCP). Moreover, 3-cyanobenzoic acid significantly decreased the carboxylation rates of RuBisCo (V<sub>cmax</sub>) and PEPCase (V<sub>pmax</sub>), electron transport rate (<i>J</i>), and mesophilic conductance (<i>g</i><sub>m</sub>). Overall, 3-cyanobenzoic acid induced substantial changes in plant growth, carboxylative processes, and photochemical activities. The treated plants also exhibited heightened susceptibility to intense light conditions, indicating a significant and potentially adverse impact on their physiological functions. These findings suggest that 3-cyanobenzoic acid or its analogs could be promising for future research targeting photosynthesis. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2ef1e7cad87d410cbc1f688dcf7ff4f7 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-2ef1e7cad87d410cbc1f688dcf7ff4f72025-01-10T13:19:27ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472024-12-01141110.3390/plants14010001Assessment of 3-Cyanobenzoic Acid as a Possible Herbicide Candidate: Effects on Maize Growth and PhotosynthesisLuiz Henryque Escher Grizza0Isabela de Carvalho Contesoto1Ana Paula da Silva Mendonça2Amanda Castro Comar3Ana Paula Boromelo4Ana Paula Ferro5Rodrigo Polimeni Constantin6Wanderley Dantas dos Santos7Rogério Marchiosi8Osvaldo Ferrarese-Filho9Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, BrazilLaboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, BrazilLaboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, BrazilLaboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, BrazilLaboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, BrazilLaboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, BrazilLaboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, BrazilLaboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, BrazilLaboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, BrazilLaboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, BrazilChemical weed control is a significant agricultural concern, and reliance on a limited range of herbicide action modes has increased resistant weed species, many of which use C4 metabolism. As a result, the identification of novel herbicidal agents with low toxicity targeting C4 plants becomes imperative. An assessment was conducted on the impact of 3-cyanobenzoic acid on the growth and photosynthetic processes of maize (<i>Zea mays</i>), a representative C4 plant, cultivated hydroponically over 14 days. The results showed a significant reduction in plant growth and notable disruptions in gas exchange and chlorophyll <i>a</i> fluorescence due to the application of 3-cyanobenzoic acid, indicating compromised photosynthetic activity. Parameters such as the chlorophyll index, net assimilation (<i>A</i>), stomatal conductance (<i>g</i><sub>s</sub>), intercellular CO<sub>2</sub> concentration (<i>C</i><sub>i</sub>), maximum effective photochemical efficiency (F<sub>v′</sub>/F<sub>m′</sub>), photochemical quenching coefficient (q<sub>P</sub>), quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (ϕ<sub>PSII</sub>), and electron transport rate through PSII (ETR) all decreased. The <i>A</i>/PAR curve revealed reductions in the maximum net assimilation rate (<i>A</i><sub>max</sub>) and apparent quantum yield (ϕ), alongside an increased light compensation point (LCP). Moreover, 3-cyanobenzoic acid significantly decreased the carboxylation rates of RuBisCo (V<sub>cmax</sub>) and PEPCase (V<sub>pmax</sub>), electron transport rate (<i>J</i>), and mesophilic conductance (<i>g</i><sub>m</sub>). Overall, 3-cyanobenzoic acid induced substantial changes in plant growth, carboxylative processes, and photochemical activities. The treated plants also exhibited heightened susceptibility to intense light conditions, indicating a significant and potentially adverse impact on their physiological functions. These findings suggest that 3-cyanobenzoic acid or its analogs could be promising for future research targeting photosynthesis.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/1/1chlorophyll <i>a</i> fluorescenceenzyme inhibitorgas exchangephenolicsphytotoxicitypyruvate <i>O</i>-phosphate dikinase |
| spellingShingle | Luiz Henryque Escher Grizza Isabela de Carvalho Contesoto Ana Paula da Silva Mendonça Amanda Castro Comar Ana Paula Boromelo Ana Paula Ferro Rodrigo Polimeni Constantin Wanderley Dantas dos Santos Rogério Marchiosi Osvaldo Ferrarese-Filho Assessment of 3-Cyanobenzoic Acid as a Possible Herbicide Candidate: Effects on Maize Growth and Photosynthesis Plants chlorophyll <i>a</i> fluorescence enzyme inhibitor gas exchange phenolics phytotoxicity pyruvate <i>O</i>-phosphate dikinase |
| title | Assessment of 3-Cyanobenzoic Acid as a Possible Herbicide Candidate: Effects on Maize Growth and Photosynthesis |
| title_full | Assessment of 3-Cyanobenzoic Acid as a Possible Herbicide Candidate: Effects on Maize Growth and Photosynthesis |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of 3-Cyanobenzoic Acid as a Possible Herbicide Candidate: Effects on Maize Growth and Photosynthesis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of 3-Cyanobenzoic Acid as a Possible Herbicide Candidate: Effects on Maize Growth and Photosynthesis |
| title_short | Assessment of 3-Cyanobenzoic Acid as a Possible Herbicide Candidate: Effects on Maize Growth and Photosynthesis |
| title_sort | assessment of 3 cyanobenzoic acid as a possible herbicide candidate effects on maize growth and photosynthesis |
| topic | chlorophyll <i>a</i> fluorescence enzyme inhibitor gas exchange phenolics phytotoxicity pyruvate <i>O</i>-phosphate dikinase |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/1/1 |
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