Kerr non-linearity enhances the response of a graphene Josephson bolometer
Abstract Bolometers are radiation sensors that are central to wide areas such as dark matter search, radio astronomy, material science, and qubit readouts, among others. There have been different kinds of bolometer realizations in the recent past. The challenge is to have a single device that combin...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Nature Communications |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62480-9 |
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| author | Joydip Sarkar Krishnendu Maji Abhishek Sunamudi Heena Agarwal Priyanka Samanta Anirban Bhattacharjee Rishiraj Rajkhowa Meghan P. Patankar Kenji Watanabe Takashi Taniguchi Mandar M. Deshmukh |
| author_facet | Joydip Sarkar Krishnendu Maji Abhishek Sunamudi Heena Agarwal Priyanka Samanta Anirban Bhattacharjee Rishiraj Rajkhowa Meghan P. Patankar Kenji Watanabe Takashi Taniguchi Mandar M. Deshmukh |
| author_sort | Joydip Sarkar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Bolometers are radiation sensors that are central to wide areas such as dark matter search, radio astronomy, material science, and qubit readouts, among others. There have been different kinds of bolometer realizations in the recent past. The challenge is to have a single device that combines high sensitivity, broad bandwidth, and a fast readout scheme. Here we demonstrate the usage of Josephson parametric amplifiers (JPA) as highly sensitive bolometers. Our key finding is that the Kerr non-linearity of the JPA boosts the device’s sensitivity. When the bolometer is biased in the non-linear regime, it enhances the up-converted signals (~100 times), resulting in an order of magnitude improvement in sensitivity compared to the linear regime. In the non-linear biasing, we achieve a NEP ~ 500 aW/ $$\sqrt{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}$$ Hz . Our device offers a fast detection scheme with a thermal time constant of 4.26 μs and an intrinsic JPA time constant of 70 ns. Our work integrates a JPA into a bolometer, enabling a fast and sensitive operation compared to previously studied graphene-based bolometers. Our study demonstrates a way forward to improve the quantum sensors based on 2D materials by leveraging the inherent non-linear response. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2bc968f78b54493482dccb7d6fcc4531 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2041-1723 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nature Communications |
| spelling | doaj-art-2bc968f78b54493482dccb7d6fcc45312025-08-20T03:46:15ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232025-07-011611810.1038/s41467-025-62480-9Kerr non-linearity enhances the response of a graphene Josephson bolometerJoydip Sarkar0Krishnendu Maji1Abhishek Sunamudi2Heena Agarwal3Priyanka Samanta4Anirban Bhattacharjee5Rishiraj Rajkhowa6Meghan P. Patankar7Kenji Watanabe8Takashi Taniguchi9Mandar M. Deshmukh10Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental ResearchDepartment of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental ResearchDepartment of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental ResearchDepartment of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental ResearchDepartment of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental ResearchDepartment of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental ResearchDepartment of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental ResearchDepartment of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental ResearchResearch Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials ScienceInternational Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials ScienceDepartment of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental ResearchAbstract Bolometers are radiation sensors that are central to wide areas such as dark matter search, radio astronomy, material science, and qubit readouts, among others. There have been different kinds of bolometer realizations in the recent past. The challenge is to have a single device that combines high sensitivity, broad bandwidth, and a fast readout scheme. Here we demonstrate the usage of Josephson parametric amplifiers (JPA) as highly sensitive bolometers. Our key finding is that the Kerr non-linearity of the JPA boosts the device’s sensitivity. When the bolometer is biased in the non-linear regime, it enhances the up-converted signals (~100 times), resulting in an order of magnitude improvement in sensitivity compared to the linear regime. In the non-linear biasing, we achieve a NEP ~ 500 aW/ $$\sqrt{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}$$ Hz . Our device offers a fast detection scheme with a thermal time constant of 4.26 μs and an intrinsic JPA time constant of 70 ns. Our work integrates a JPA into a bolometer, enabling a fast and sensitive operation compared to previously studied graphene-based bolometers. Our study demonstrates a way forward to improve the quantum sensors based on 2D materials by leveraging the inherent non-linear response.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62480-9 |
| spellingShingle | Joydip Sarkar Krishnendu Maji Abhishek Sunamudi Heena Agarwal Priyanka Samanta Anirban Bhattacharjee Rishiraj Rajkhowa Meghan P. Patankar Kenji Watanabe Takashi Taniguchi Mandar M. Deshmukh Kerr non-linearity enhances the response of a graphene Josephson bolometer Nature Communications |
| title | Kerr non-linearity enhances the response of a graphene Josephson bolometer |
| title_full | Kerr non-linearity enhances the response of a graphene Josephson bolometer |
| title_fullStr | Kerr non-linearity enhances the response of a graphene Josephson bolometer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kerr non-linearity enhances the response of a graphene Josephson bolometer |
| title_short | Kerr non-linearity enhances the response of a graphene Josephson bolometer |
| title_sort | kerr non linearity enhances the response of a graphene josephson bolometer |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62480-9 |
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