tRNA modifications: greasing the wheels of translation and beyond
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is one of the most abundant RNA types in cells, acting as an adaptor to bridge the genetic information in mRNAs with the amino acid sequence in proteins. Both tRNAs and small fragments processed from them play many nonconventional roles in addition to translation. tRNA molecules...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Taylor & Francis Group
2025-12-01
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| Series: | RNA Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/15476286.2024.2442856 |
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| _version_ | 1841554848303022080 |
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| author | Minjie Zhang Zhipeng Lu |
| author_facet | Minjie Zhang Zhipeng Lu |
| author_sort | Minjie Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Transfer RNA (tRNA) is one of the most abundant RNA types in cells, acting as an adaptor to bridge the genetic information in mRNAs with the amino acid sequence in proteins. Both tRNAs and small fragments processed from them play many nonconventional roles in addition to translation. tRNA molecules undergo various types of chemical modifications to ensure the accuracy and efficiency of translation and regulate their diverse functions beyond translation. In this review, we discuss the biogenesis and molecular mechanisms of tRNA modifications, including major tRNA modifications, writer enzymes, and their dynamic regulation. We also summarize the state-of-the-art technologies for measuring tRNA modification, with a particular focus on 2’-O-methylation (Nm), and discuss their limitations and remaining challenges. Finally, we highlight recent discoveries linking dysregulation of tRNA modifications with genetic diseases. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-27ef1c6b91ef463d915b63a7f0c4cf2a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1547-6286 1555-8584 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-12-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | RNA Biology |
| spelling | doaj-art-27ef1c6b91ef463d915b63a7f0c4cf2a2025-01-08T08:53:59ZengTaylor & Francis GroupRNA Biology1547-62861555-85842025-12-0122112510.1080/15476286.2024.2442856tRNA modifications: greasing the wheels of translation and beyondMinjie Zhang0Zhipeng Lu1Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, ChinaDepartment of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USATransfer RNA (tRNA) is one of the most abundant RNA types in cells, acting as an adaptor to bridge the genetic information in mRNAs with the amino acid sequence in proteins. Both tRNAs and small fragments processed from them play many nonconventional roles in addition to translation. tRNA molecules undergo various types of chemical modifications to ensure the accuracy and efficiency of translation and regulate their diverse functions beyond translation. In this review, we discuss the biogenesis and molecular mechanisms of tRNA modifications, including major tRNA modifications, writer enzymes, and their dynamic regulation. We also summarize the state-of-the-art technologies for measuring tRNA modification, with a particular focus on 2’-O-methylation (Nm), and discuss their limitations and remaining challenges. Finally, we highlight recent discoveries linking dysregulation of tRNA modifications with genetic diseases.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/15476286.2024.2442856tRNA modificationstRNA-modifying enzymetRNA modification functionsdetection technologiesRNA modopathies |
| spellingShingle | Minjie Zhang Zhipeng Lu tRNA modifications: greasing the wheels of translation and beyond RNA Biology tRNA modifications tRNA-modifying enzyme tRNA modification functions detection technologies RNA modopathies |
| title | tRNA modifications: greasing the wheels of translation and beyond |
| title_full | tRNA modifications: greasing the wheels of translation and beyond |
| title_fullStr | tRNA modifications: greasing the wheels of translation and beyond |
| title_full_unstemmed | tRNA modifications: greasing the wheels of translation and beyond |
| title_short | tRNA modifications: greasing the wheels of translation and beyond |
| title_sort | trna modifications greasing the wheels of translation and beyond |
| topic | tRNA modifications tRNA-modifying enzyme tRNA modification functions detection technologies RNA modopathies |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/15476286.2024.2442856 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT minjiezhang trnamodificationsgreasingthewheelsoftranslationandbeyond AT zhipenglu trnamodificationsgreasingthewheelsoftranslationandbeyond |