The Emergence of Saliva as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool for Viral Infections
Saliva has emerged as a promising diagnostic fluid for viral infections, enabling the direct analysis of viral genetic material and the detection of infection markers such as proteins, metabolites, microRNAs, and immunoglobulins. This comprehensive review aimed to explore the use of saliva as a diag...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/11/1759 |
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| author | Nilson Ferreira de Oliveira Neto Rafael Antônio Velôso Caixeta Rodrigo Melim Zerbinati Amanda Caroline Zarpellon Matheus Willian Caetano Debora Pallos Roger Junges André Luiz Ferreira Costa Juan Aitken-Saavedra Simone Giannecchini Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva |
| author_facet | Nilson Ferreira de Oliveira Neto Rafael Antônio Velôso Caixeta Rodrigo Melim Zerbinati Amanda Caroline Zarpellon Matheus Willian Caetano Debora Pallos Roger Junges André Luiz Ferreira Costa Juan Aitken-Saavedra Simone Giannecchini Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva |
| author_sort | Nilson Ferreira de Oliveira Neto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Saliva has emerged as a promising diagnostic fluid for viral infections, enabling the direct analysis of viral genetic material and the detection of infection markers such as proteins, metabolites, microRNAs, and immunoglobulins. This comprehensive review aimed to explore the use of saliva as a diagnostic tool for viral infections, emphasizing its advantages and limitations. Saliva stands out due to its simplicity and safety in collection, along with the convenience of self-collection without the need for healthcare supervision, while potentially being comparable to urine and blood in terms of effectiveness. Herein, we highlighted the significant potential of saliva in assessing viral loads and diagnosing viral infections, such as herpesviruses, HPV, PyV, TTV, SARS-CoV-2, and MPXV. The detection of viral shedding in saliva underscores its utility in early diagnosis, the monitoring of infection progression, and evaluating treatment responses. The non-invasive nature of saliva collection makes it an appealing alternative to more invasive methods, promoting better patient compliance and facilitating large-scale screening and surveillance. As such, we further highlight current evidence on the use of saliva as a prognostic tool. Although a significant amount of data is already available, further investigations are warranted to more comprehensively assess the added benefit from the utilization of salivary biomarkers in the clinics. Salivary biomarkers show great promise for the early detection and prevention of viral infection complications, potentially improving disease management and control at the population level. Integrating these non-invasive tools into routine clinical practice could enhance personalized healthcare strategies and patient outcomes. Future studies should focus on establishing standardization protocols, validating the accuracy of salivary diagnostics, and expanding clinical research to enhance the diagnostic and monitoring capabilities of salivary biomarkers. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1f5c8177df2745e49e4d1f27b04bb17d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj-art-1f5c8177df2745e49e4d1f27b04bb17d2024-11-26T18:25:34ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152024-11-011611175910.3390/v16111759The Emergence of Saliva as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool for Viral InfectionsNilson Ferreira de Oliveira Neto0Rafael Antônio Velôso Caixeta1Rodrigo Melim Zerbinati2Amanda Caroline Zarpellon3Matheus Willian Caetano4Debora Pallos5Roger Junges6André Luiz Ferreira Costa7Juan Aitken-Saavedra8Simone Giannecchini9Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva10Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, BrazilDepartment of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, BrazilLaboratory of Virology (LIM-52-HCFMUSP), Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo 05403-000, BrazilDepartment of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, BrazilDepartment of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, BrazilSchool of Dentistry, University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo 04743-030, BrazilInstitute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, NorwayPostgraduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University (UNICSUL), São Paulo 1506-000, BrazilDepartment of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 3311, ChileDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, ItalyDepartment of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, BrazilSaliva has emerged as a promising diagnostic fluid for viral infections, enabling the direct analysis of viral genetic material and the detection of infection markers such as proteins, metabolites, microRNAs, and immunoglobulins. This comprehensive review aimed to explore the use of saliva as a diagnostic tool for viral infections, emphasizing its advantages and limitations. Saliva stands out due to its simplicity and safety in collection, along with the convenience of self-collection without the need for healthcare supervision, while potentially being comparable to urine and blood in terms of effectiveness. Herein, we highlighted the significant potential of saliva in assessing viral loads and diagnosing viral infections, such as herpesviruses, HPV, PyV, TTV, SARS-CoV-2, and MPXV. The detection of viral shedding in saliva underscores its utility in early diagnosis, the monitoring of infection progression, and evaluating treatment responses. The non-invasive nature of saliva collection makes it an appealing alternative to more invasive methods, promoting better patient compliance and facilitating large-scale screening and surveillance. As such, we further highlight current evidence on the use of saliva as a prognostic tool. Although a significant amount of data is already available, further investigations are warranted to more comprehensively assess the added benefit from the utilization of salivary biomarkers in the clinics. Salivary biomarkers show great promise for the early detection and prevention of viral infection complications, potentially improving disease management and control at the population level. Integrating these non-invasive tools into routine clinical practice could enhance personalized healthcare strategies and patient outcomes. Future studies should focus on establishing standardization protocols, validating the accuracy of salivary diagnostics, and expanding clinical research to enhance the diagnostic and monitoring capabilities of salivary biomarkers.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/11/1759salivaviral sheddingbiomarkersdiagnoses |
| spellingShingle | Nilson Ferreira de Oliveira Neto Rafael Antônio Velôso Caixeta Rodrigo Melim Zerbinati Amanda Caroline Zarpellon Matheus Willian Caetano Debora Pallos Roger Junges André Luiz Ferreira Costa Juan Aitken-Saavedra Simone Giannecchini Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva The Emergence of Saliva as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool for Viral Infections Viruses saliva viral shedding biomarkers diagnoses |
| title | The Emergence of Saliva as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool for Viral Infections |
| title_full | The Emergence of Saliva as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool for Viral Infections |
| title_fullStr | The Emergence of Saliva as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool for Viral Infections |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Emergence of Saliva as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool for Viral Infections |
| title_short | The Emergence of Saliva as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool for Viral Infections |
| title_sort | emergence of saliva as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for viral infections |
| topic | saliva viral shedding biomarkers diagnoses |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/11/1759 |
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