Light-based gamma entrainment with novel invisible spectral flicker stimuli

Abstract Light-based gamma entrainment using sensory stimuli (GENUS) shows considerable potential for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in both animal and human models. While the clinical efficacy of GENUS for AD is paramount, its effectiveness will eventually also rely on the barrier to tre...

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Main Authors: Luna S. Hansen, Marcus H. Carstensen, Mark A. Henney, N. Mai Nguyen, Martin W. Thorning-Schmidt, Jes Broeng, Paul Michael Petersen, Tobias S. Andersen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2024-11-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-75448-4
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author Luna S. Hansen
Marcus H. Carstensen
Mark A. Henney
N. Mai Nguyen
Martin W. Thorning-Schmidt
Jes Broeng
Paul Michael Petersen
Tobias S. Andersen
author_facet Luna S. Hansen
Marcus H. Carstensen
Mark A. Henney
N. Mai Nguyen
Martin W. Thorning-Schmidt
Jes Broeng
Paul Michael Petersen
Tobias S. Andersen
author_sort Luna S. Hansen
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Light-based gamma entrainment using sensory stimuli (GENUS) shows considerable potential for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in both animal and human models. While the clinical efficacy of GENUS for AD is paramount, its effectiveness will eventually also rely on the barrier to treatment adherence imposed by the discomfort of gazing at luminance flickering (LF) light. Currently, there have been few attempts to improve the comfort of GENUS. Here we investigate if Invisible spectral flicker (ISF), a novel type of light-based 40 Hz GENUS for which the flicker is almost imperceptible, can be used as a more comfortable option. We found that whereas ISF, LF, and chromatic flicker (CF) all produce a 40 Hz steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP), ISF scores significantly better on measures of comfort and perceived flicker. We also demonstrate that, while there is a trend towards a lower SSVEP response, reducing the stimulation brightness has no significant effect on the 40 Hz SSVEP or perceived flicker, though it significantly improves comfort. Finally, there is a slight decrease in the 40 Hz SSVEP response when stimulating with ISF from increasingly peripheral angles. This may ease the discomfort of GENUS treatment by freeing patients from gazing directly at the light.
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spelling doaj-art-1dc3f60347144b7bbe0adb7a7527b76c2024-12-01T12:18:23ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222024-11-0114111710.1038/s41598-024-75448-4Light-based gamma entrainment with novel invisible spectral flicker stimuliLuna S. Hansen0Marcus H. Carstensen1Mark A. Henney2N. Mai Nguyen3Martin W. Thorning-Schmidt4Jes Broeng5Paul Michael Petersen6Tobias S. Andersen7Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of DenmarkDepartment of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of DenmarkOptoCeutics ApSOptoCeutics ApSDepartment of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of DenmarkOptoCeutics ApSDepartment of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of DenmarkDepartment of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of DenmarkAbstract Light-based gamma entrainment using sensory stimuli (GENUS) shows considerable potential for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in both animal and human models. While the clinical efficacy of GENUS for AD is paramount, its effectiveness will eventually also rely on the barrier to treatment adherence imposed by the discomfort of gazing at luminance flickering (LF) light. Currently, there have been few attempts to improve the comfort of GENUS. Here we investigate if Invisible spectral flicker (ISF), a novel type of light-based 40 Hz GENUS for which the flicker is almost imperceptible, can be used as a more comfortable option. We found that whereas ISF, LF, and chromatic flicker (CF) all produce a 40 Hz steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP), ISF scores significantly better on measures of comfort and perceived flicker. We also demonstrate that, while there is a trend towards a lower SSVEP response, reducing the stimulation brightness has no significant effect on the 40 Hz SSVEP or perceived flicker, though it significantly improves comfort. Finally, there is a slight decrease in the 40 Hz SSVEP response when stimulating with ISF from increasingly peripheral angles. This may ease the discomfort of GENUS treatment by freeing patients from gazing directly at the light.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-75448-4GENUS40 HzGamma entrainmentAlzheimer’s diseaseEEGSSVEP
spellingShingle Luna S. Hansen
Marcus H. Carstensen
Mark A. Henney
N. Mai Nguyen
Martin W. Thorning-Schmidt
Jes Broeng
Paul Michael Petersen
Tobias S. Andersen
Light-based gamma entrainment with novel invisible spectral flicker stimuli
Scientific Reports
GENUS
40 Hz
Gamma entrainment
Alzheimer’s disease
EEG
SSVEP
title Light-based gamma entrainment with novel invisible spectral flicker stimuli
title_full Light-based gamma entrainment with novel invisible spectral flicker stimuli
title_fullStr Light-based gamma entrainment with novel invisible spectral flicker stimuli
title_full_unstemmed Light-based gamma entrainment with novel invisible spectral flicker stimuli
title_short Light-based gamma entrainment with novel invisible spectral flicker stimuli
title_sort light based gamma entrainment with novel invisible spectral flicker stimuli
topic GENUS
40 Hz
Gamma entrainment
Alzheimer’s disease
EEG
SSVEP
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-75448-4
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