In-Sender Reordering Compensation for RACK in Container Overlay Networks
Container orchestrators like Kubernetes utilize packet encapsulation to construct container overlay networks, allowing for transparent communications among containers. While providing flexible connectivity with a minimal requirement for host machines, the inadvertent interplay with encapsulationindu...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2024-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10758302/ |
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| _version_ | 1846140040857518080 |
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| author | Sunjae Kim Wonjun Lee |
| author_facet | Sunjae Kim Wonjun Lee |
| author_sort | Sunjae Kim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Container orchestrators like Kubernetes utilize packet encapsulation to construct container overlay networks, allowing for transparent communications among containers. While providing flexible connectivity with a minimal requirement for host machines, the inadvertent interplay with encapsulationinduced extra in-host hops and TCP’s default loss detection algorithm, Recent Acknowledgment (RACK), causes irregular in-sender reordering and spurious retransmissions (SRs). For a deeper understanding of the problem, we examine the behavior of RACK loss detection algorithm in the context of the packet datapath of the container overlay networks, which is not presumed by the RACK standard. Then we quantify the SRs of TCP using RACK in the production-level container overlay networks. Based on the in-depth analysis of the root causes of the SRs in container overlay networking, we derive a SR model induced by in-sender reordering and present a compensation mechanism for in-sender reordering. Our prototype implementation, centered around eBPF running in the Linux kernel, validates that the proposed compensation mechanism reduces SRs by up to 98.6% while maintaining the latency and throughput overhead below 2.3%. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1c56e7afd966467a86219d3a0f7d5095 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2644-125X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society |
| spelling | doaj-art-1c56e7afd966467a86219d3a0f7d50952024-12-06T00:03:24ZengIEEEIEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society2644-125X2024-01-0157467748210.1109/OJCOMS.2024.350132210758302In-Sender Reordering Compensation for RACK in Container Overlay NetworksSunjae Kim0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3251-9475Wonjun Lee1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5286-6541Network and Security Research Laboratory, School of Cybersecurity, Korea University, Seoul, South KoreaNetwork and Security Research Laboratory, School of Cybersecurity, Korea University, Seoul, South KoreaContainer orchestrators like Kubernetes utilize packet encapsulation to construct container overlay networks, allowing for transparent communications among containers. While providing flexible connectivity with a minimal requirement for host machines, the inadvertent interplay with encapsulationinduced extra in-host hops and TCP’s default loss detection algorithm, Recent Acknowledgment (RACK), causes irregular in-sender reordering and spurious retransmissions (SRs). For a deeper understanding of the problem, we examine the behavior of RACK loss detection algorithm in the context of the packet datapath of the container overlay networks, which is not presumed by the RACK standard. Then we quantify the SRs of TCP using RACK in the production-level container overlay networks. Based on the in-depth analysis of the root causes of the SRs in container overlay networking, we derive a SR model induced by in-sender reordering and present a compensation mechanism for in-sender reordering. Our prototype implementation, centered around eBPF running in the Linux kernel, validates that the proposed compensation mechanism reduces SRs by up to 98.6% while maintaining the latency and throughput overhead below 2.3%.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10758302/TCP loss recoveryRACKcontainer networkingspurious retransmissions |
| spellingShingle | Sunjae Kim Wonjun Lee In-Sender Reordering Compensation for RACK in Container Overlay Networks IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society TCP loss recovery RACK container networking spurious retransmissions |
| title | In-Sender Reordering Compensation for RACK in Container Overlay Networks |
| title_full | In-Sender Reordering Compensation for RACK in Container Overlay Networks |
| title_fullStr | In-Sender Reordering Compensation for RACK in Container Overlay Networks |
| title_full_unstemmed | In-Sender Reordering Compensation for RACK in Container Overlay Networks |
| title_short | In-Sender Reordering Compensation for RACK in Container Overlay Networks |
| title_sort | in sender reordering compensation for rack in container overlay networks |
| topic | TCP loss recovery RACK container networking spurious retransmissions |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10758302/ |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sunjaekim insenderreorderingcompensationforrackincontaineroverlaynetworks AT wonjunlee insenderreorderingcompensationforrackincontaineroverlaynetworks |