Allometry and volumes in a nutshell: Analyzing walnut morphology using three‐dimensional X‐ray computed tomography
Abstract Persian walnuts (Juglans regia L.) are the second most produced and consumed tree nut, with over 2.6 million metric tons produced in the 2022–2023 harvest cycle alone. The United States is the second largest producer, accounting for 25% of the total global supply. Nonetheless, producers fac...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Plant Phenome Journal |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/ppj2.20095 |
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| _version_ | 1846107980021366784 |
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| author | Erik J. Amézquita Michelle Y. Quigley Patrick J. Brown Elizabeth Munch Daniel H. Chitwood |
| author_facet | Erik J. Amézquita Michelle Y. Quigley Patrick J. Brown Elizabeth Munch Daniel H. Chitwood |
| author_sort | Erik J. Amézquita |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Persian walnuts (Juglans regia L.) are the second most produced and consumed tree nut, with over 2.6 million metric tons produced in the 2022–2023 harvest cycle alone. The United States is the second largest producer, accounting for 25% of the total global supply. Nonetheless, producers face an ever‐growing demand in a more uncertain climate landscape, which requires effective and efficient walnut selection and breeding of new cultivars with increased kernel content and easy‐to‐open shells. Past and current efforts select for these traits using hand‐held calipers and eye‐based evaluations. Yet there is plenty of morphology that meets the eye but goes unmeasured, such as the volume of inner air or the convexity of the kernel. Here, we study the shape of walnut fruits based on X‐ray computed tomography three‐dimensional reconstructions. We compute 49 different morphological phenotypes for 1264 individual nuts comprising 149 accessions. These phenotypes are complemented by traits of breeding interest such as ease of kernel removal and kernel‐to‐nut weight ratio. Through allometric relationships, relative growth of one tissue to another, we identify possible biophysical constraints at play during development. We explore multiple correlations between all morphological and commercial traits and identify which morphological traits can explain the most variability of commercial traits. We show that using only volume‐ and thickness‐based traits, especially inner air content, we can successfully encode several of the commercial traits. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1b2944f9d28f4cefa52dab8fa37d8646 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2578-2703 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plant Phenome Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-1b2944f9d28f4cefa52dab8fa37d86462024-12-26T07:44:35ZengWileyPlant Phenome Journal2578-27032024-12-0171n/an/a10.1002/ppj2.20095Allometry and volumes in a nutshell: Analyzing walnut morphology using three‐dimensional X‐ray computed tomographyErik J. Amézquita0Michelle Y. Quigley1Patrick J. Brown2Elizabeth Munch3Daniel H. Chitwood4Division of Plant Science & Technology University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USADepartment of Horticulture Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USADepartment of Plant Sciences University of California Davis California USADepartment of Computational Mathematics, Science & Engineering Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USADepartment of Horticulture Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USAAbstract Persian walnuts (Juglans regia L.) are the second most produced and consumed tree nut, with over 2.6 million metric tons produced in the 2022–2023 harvest cycle alone. The United States is the second largest producer, accounting for 25% of the total global supply. Nonetheless, producers face an ever‐growing demand in a more uncertain climate landscape, which requires effective and efficient walnut selection and breeding of new cultivars with increased kernel content and easy‐to‐open shells. Past and current efforts select for these traits using hand‐held calipers and eye‐based evaluations. Yet there is plenty of morphology that meets the eye but goes unmeasured, such as the volume of inner air or the convexity of the kernel. Here, we study the shape of walnut fruits based on X‐ray computed tomography three‐dimensional reconstructions. We compute 49 different morphological phenotypes for 1264 individual nuts comprising 149 accessions. These phenotypes are complemented by traits of breeding interest such as ease of kernel removal and kernel‐to‐nut weight ratio. Through allometric relationships, relative growth of one tissue to another, we identify possible biophysical constraints at play during development. We explore multiple correlations between all morphological and commercial traits and identify which morphological traits can explain the most variability of commercial traits. We show that using only volume‐ and thickness‐based traits, especially inner air content, we can successfully encode several of the commercial traits.https://doi.org/10.1002/ppj2.20095 |
| spellingShingle | Erik J. Amézquita Michelle Y. Quigley Patrick J. Brown Elizabeth Munch Daniel H. Chitwood Allometry and volumes in a nutshell: Analyzing walnut morphology using three‐dimensional X‐ray computed tomography Plant Phenome Journal |
| title | Allometry and volumes in a nutshell: Analyzing walnut morphology using three‐dimensional X‐ray computed tomography |
| title_full | Allometry and volumes in a nutshell: Analyzing walnut morphology using three‐dimensional X‐ray computed tomography |
| title_fullStr | Allometry and volumes in a nutshell: Analyzing walnut morphology using three‐dimensional X‐ray computed tomography |
| title_full_unstemmed | Allometry and volumes in a nutshell: Analyzing walnut morphology using three‐dimensional X‐ray computed tomography |
| title_short | Allometry and volumes in a nutshell: Analyzing walnut morphology using three‐dimensional X‐ray computed tomography |
| title_sort | allometry and volumes in a nutshell analyzing walnut morphology using three dimensional x ray computed tomography |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1002/ppj2.20095 |
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