A spin-refrigerated cavity quantum electrodynamic sensor
Abstract Quantum sensors based on solid-state defects, in particular nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, enable precise measurement of magnetic fields, temperature, rotation, and electric fields. Cavity quantum electrodynamic (cQED) readout, in which an NV ensemble is hybridized with a microwa...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Nature Portfolio
2024-11-01
|
| Series: | Nature Communications |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54333-8 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1846147649284079616 |
|---|---|
| author | Hanfeng Wang Kunal L. Tiwari Kurt Jacobs Michael Judy Xin Zhang Dirk R. Englund Matthew E. Trusheim |
| author_facet | Hanfeng Wang Kunal L. Tiwari Kurt Jacobs Michael Judy Xin Zhang Dirk R. Englund Matthew E. Trusheim |
| author_sort | Hanfeng Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Quantum sensors based on solid-state defects, in particular nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, enable precise measurement of magnetic fields, temperature, rotation, and electric fields. Cavity quantum electrodynamic (cQED) readout, in which an NV ensemble is hybridized with a microwave mode, can overcome limitations in optical spin detection and has resulted in leading magnetic sensitivities at the pT-level. This approach, however, remains far from the intrinsic spin-projection noise limit due to thermal Johnson-Nyquist noise and spin saturation effects. Here we tackle these challenges by combining recently demonstrated spin refrigeration techniques with comprehensive nonlinear modeling of the cQED sensor operation. We demonstrate that the optically-polarized NV ensemble simultaneously provides magnetic sensitivity and acts as a heat sink for the deleterious thermal microwave noise background, even when actively probed by a microwave field. Optimizing the NV-cQED system, we demonstrate a broadband sensitivity of 576 ± 6 fT/ $$\sqrt{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}$$ Hz around 15 kHz in ambient conditions. We then discuss the implications of this approach for the design of future magnetometers, including near-projection-limited devices approaching 3 fT/ $$\sqrt{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}$$ Hz sensitivity enabled by spin refrigeration. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-168d5c96de9e4921a8373bc77d4df26d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2041-1723 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nature Communications |
| spelling | doaj-art-168d5c96de9e4921a8373bc77d4df26d2024-12-01T12:33:41ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232024-11-011511810.1038/s41467-024-54333-8A spin-refrigerated cavity quantum electrodynamic sensorHanfeng Wang0Kunal L. Tiwari1Kurt Jacobs2Michael Judy3Xin Zhang4Dirk R. Englund5Matthew E. Trusheim6Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMIT Lincoln LaboratoryDEVCOM Army Research LaboratoryAnalog Devices, Inc.Analog Devices, Inc.Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyAbstract Quantum sensors based on solid-state defects, in particular nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, enable precise measurement of magnetic fields, temperature, rotation, and electric fields. Cavity quantum electrodynamic (cQED) readout, in which an NV ensemble is hybridized with a microwave mode, can overcome limitations in optical spin detection and has resulted in leading magnetic sensitivities at the pT-level. This approach, however, remains far from the intrinsic spin-projection noise limit due to thermal Johnson-Nyquist noise and spin saturation effects. Here we tackle these challenges by combining recently demonstrated spin refrigeration techniques with comprehensive nonlinear modeling of the cQED sensor operation. We demonstrate that the optically-polarized NV ensemble simultaneously provides magnetic sensitivity and acts as a heat sink for the deleterious thermal microwave noise background, even when actively probed by a microwave field. Optimizing the NV-cQED system, we demonstrate a broadband sensitivity of 576 ± 6 fT/ $$\sqrt{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}$$ Hz around 15 kHz in ambient conditions. We then discuss the implications of this approach for the design of future magnetometers, including near-projection-limited devices approaching 3 fT/ $$\sqrt{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}$$ Hz sensitivity enabled by spin refrigeration.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54333-8 |
| spellingShingle | Hanfeng Wang Kunal L. Tiwari Kurt Jacobs Michael Judy Xin Zhang Dirk R. Englund Matthew E. Trusheim A spin-refrigerated cavity quantum electrodynamic sensor Nature Communications |
| title | A spin-refrigerated cavity quantum electrodynamic sensor |
| title_full | A spin-refrigerated cavity quantum electrodynamic sensor |
| title_fullStr | A spin-refrigerated cavity quantum electrodynamic sensor |
| title_full_unstemmed | A spin-refrigerated cavity quantum electrodynamic sensor |
| title_short | A spin-refrigerated cavity quantum electrodynamic sensor |
| title_sort | spin refrigerated cavity quantum electrodynamic sensor |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54333-8 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hanfengwang aspinrefrigeratedcavityquantumelectrodynamicsensor AT kunalltiwari aspinrefrigeratedcavityquantumelectrodynamicsensor AT kurtjacobs aspinrefrigeratedcavityquantumelectrodynamicsensor AT michaeljudy aspinrefrigeratedcavityquantumelectrodynamicsensor AT xinzhang aspinrefrigeratedcavityquantumelectrodynamicsensor AT dirkrenglund aspinrefrigeratedcavityquantumelectrodynamicsensor AT matthewetrusheim aspinrefrigeratedcavityquantumelectrodynamicsensor AT hanfengwang spinrefrigeratedcavityquantumelectrodynamicsensor AT kunalltiwari spinrefrigeratedcavityquantumelectrodynamicsensor AT kurtjacobs spinrefrigeratedcavityquantumelectrodynamicsensor AT michaeljudy spinrefrigeratedcavityquantumelectrodynamicsensor AT xinzhang spinrefrigeratedcavityquantumelectrodynamicsensor AT dirkrenglund spinrefrigeratedcavityquantumelectrodynamicsensor AT matthewetrusheim spinrefrigeratedcavityquantumelectrodynamicsensor |