Intelligent Closed-Loop Fluxgate Current Sensor Using Digital Proportional–Integral–Derivative Control with Single-Neuron Pre-Optimization
This paper presents a microcontroller-controlled closed-loop fluxgate current sensor utilizing digital proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control with a single-neuron-based self-pre-optimization algorithm. The digital PID controller within the microcontroller (MCU) regulates the drive circuit to...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-03-01
|
| Series: | Signals |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2624-6120/6/2/14 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849431166394826752 |
|---|---|
| author | Qiankun Song Jigou Liu Marcelo Lobo Heldwein Stefan Klaß |
| author_facet | Qiankun Song Jigou Liu Marcelo Lobo Heldwein Stefan Klaß |
| author_sort | Qiankun Song |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper presents a microcontroller-controlled closed-loop fluxgate current sensor utilizing digital proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control with a single-neuron-based self-pre-optimization algorithm. The digital PID controller within the microcontroller (MCU) regulates the drive circuit to generate a feedback current in the feedback winding based on the zero-flux principle in a closed-loop system. This feedback current is proportional to the measured external current, thereby achieving magnetic compensation. Although PID parameters can be determined using heuristic approaches, empirical formulas, or model-based methods, these techniques are often labor-intensive and time-consuming. To address this challenge, this study implements a single-neuron-based self-pre-optimization algorithm for PID parameters, which autonomously identifies the optimal values for the closed-loop system. Once the PID parameters are optimized, a conventional positional PID algorithm is employed for the closed-loop control of the fluxgate current sensor. The experimental results show that the developed digital closed-loop fluxgate sensor has a non-linearity within 0.1% at the full scale in the measuring ranges of 0–1 A and 0–10 A DC current, with an effective response time of approximately 120 ms. The limitation of the sensors’ response time is found to be ascribed to its open-loop measuring circuit. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1672c36b0c4f44d6aa66a1aa36b741a6 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2624-6120 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Signals |
| spelling | doaj-art-1672c36b0c4f44d6aa66a1aa36b741a62025-08-20T03:27:43ZengMDPI AGSignals2624-61202025-03-01621410.3390/signals6020014Intelligent Closed-Loop Fluxgate Current Sensor Using Digital Proportional–Integral–Derivative Control with Single-Neuron Pre-OptimizationQiankun Song0Jigou Liu1Marcelo Lobo Heldwein2Stefan Klaß3ChenYang Technologies GmbH & Co. KG, Markt Schwabener Str. 8, 85464 Finsing, GermanyChenYang Technologies GmbH & Co. KG, Markt Schwabener Str. 8, 85464 Finsing, GermanyChair of High-Performance Inverter Systems, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstr. 21, 80333 Munich, GermanyChair of High-Performance Inverter Systems, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstr. 21, 80333 Munich, GermanyThis paper presents a microcontroller-controlled closed-loop fluxgate current sensor utilizing digital proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control with a single-neuron-based self-pre-optimization algorithm. The digital PID controller within the microcontroller (MCU) regulates the drive circuit to generate a feedback current in the feedback winding based on the zero-flux principle in a closed-loop system. This feedback current is proportional to the measured external current, thereby achieving magnetic compensation. Although PID parameters can be determined using heuristic approaches, empirical formulas, or model-based methods, these techniques are often labor-intensive and time-consuming. To address this challenge, this study implements a single-neuron-based self-pre-optimization algorithm for PID parameters, which autonomously identifies the optimal values for the closed-loop system. Once the PID parameters are optimized, a conventional positional PID algorithm is employed for the closed-loop control of the fluxgate current sensor. The experimental results show that the developed digital closed-loop fluxgate sensor has a non-linearity within 0.1% at the full scale in the measuring ranges of 0–1 A and 0–10 A DC current, with an effective response time of approximately 120 ms. The limitation of the sensors’ response time is found to be ascribed to its open-loop measuring circuit.https://www.mdpi.com/2624-6120/6/2/14closed loopdigital proportional–integral–derivativefluxgate current sensormicrocontrollerpositional PID algorithmsingle-neuron-based self-pre-optimization algorithm |
| spellingShingle | Qiankun Song Jigou Liu Marcelo Lobo Heldwein Stefan Klaß Intelligent Closed-Loop Fluxgate Current Sensor Using Digital Proportional–Integral–Derivative Control with Single-Neuron Pre-Optimization Signals closed loop digital proportional–integral–derivative fluxgate current sensor microcontroller positional PID algorithm single-neuron-based self-pre-optimization algorithm |
| title | Intelligent Closed-Loop Fluxgate Current Sensor Using Digital Proportional–Integral–Derivative Control with Single-Neuron Pre-Optimization |
| title_full | Intelligent Closed-Loop Fluxgate Current Sensor Using Digital Proportional–Integral–Derivative Control with Single-Neuron Pre-Optimization |
| title_fullStr | Intelligent Closed-Loop Fluxgate Current Sensor Using Digital Proportional–Integral–Derivative Control with Single-Neuron Pre-Optimization |
| title_full_unstemmed | Intelligent Closed-Loop Fluxgate Current Sensor Using Digital Proportional–Integral–Derivative Control with Single-Neuron Pre-Optimization |
| title_short | Intelligent Closed-Loop Fluxgate Current Sensor Using Digital Proportional–Integral–Derivative Control with Single-Neuron Pre-Optimization |
| title_sort | intelligent closed loop fluxgate current sensor using digital proportional integral derivative control with single neuron pre optimization |
| topic | closed loop digital proportional–integral–derivative fluxgate current sensor microcontroller positional PID algorithm single-neuron-based self-pre-optimization algorithm |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2624-6120/6/2/14 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT qiankunsong intelligentclosedloopfluxgatecurrentsensorusingdigitalproportionalintegralderivativecontrolwithsingleneuronpreoptimization AT jigouliu intelligentclosedloopfluxgatecurrentsensorusingdigitalproportionalintegralderivativecontrolwithsingleneuronpreoptimization AT marceloloboheldwein intelligentclosedloopfluxgatecurrentsensorusingdigitalproportionalintegralderivativecontrolwithsingleneuronpreoptimization AT stefanklaß intelligentclosedloopfluxgatecurrentsensorusingdigitalproportionalintegralderivativecontrolwithsingleneuronpreoptimization |