The peculiar characteristics and advancement in diagnostic methodologies of influenza A virus
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a significant public health concern, causing seasonal outbreaks and occasional pandemics. These outbreaks result from changes in the virus’s surface proteins which include hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Influenza A virus has a vast reservoir, including wild birds, pigs,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1435384/full |
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| author | Muhammad Asif Raza Muhammad Asif Raza Muhammad Awais Ashraf Muhammad Awais Ashraf Muhammad Nabeel Amjad Muhammad Nabeel Amjad Ghayyas Ud Din Ghayyas Ud Din Bei Shen Yihong Hu Yihong Hu |
| author_facet | Muhammad Asif Raza Muhammad Asif Raza Muhammad Awais Ashraf Muhammad Awais Ashraf Muhammad Nabeel Amjad Muhammad Nabeel Amjad Ghayyas Ud Din Ghayyas Ud Din Bei Shen Yihong Hu Yihong Hu |
| author_sort | Muhammad Asif Raza |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Influenza A virus (IAV) is a significant public health concern, causing seasonal outbreaks and occasional pandemics. These outbreaks result from changes in the virus’s surface proteins which include hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Influenza A virus has a vast reservoir, including wild birds, pigs, horses, domestic and marine animals. It has over 130 subtypes based on differences in hemagglutinin and neuraminidase protein. IAV affects all age groups but impacts young children more especially during the colder season. Despite the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs, IAV is still a major cause of respiratory illnesses and deaths. Surveillance of IAV is crucial to detect new strains and assess vaccine effectiveness. Detection of IAV relies on methods like hemagglutination assay, PCR, cell culturing, and immunochromatography-based tests. Precise and early detection of IAV strain is crucial for quick treatment using antiviral drugs and unraveling epidemiological patterns to curb epidemics and pandemics on time. Advancements in diagnostic methodologies have enabled us to detect the IAV at early stages by overcoming the limitations of previously used diagnostic tests, further preparing us to combat future epidemics more effectively. This review article discusses the traditional and advanced diagnosis methods for detecting IAV. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1371116ef51e4b0c831a60c71b1d6422 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1664-302X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj-art-1371116ef51e4b0c831a60c71b1d64222025-01-07T06:40:57ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2025-01-011510.3389/fmicb.2024.14353841435384The peculiar characteristics and advancement in diagnostic methodologies of influenza A virusMuhammad Asif Raza0Muhammad Asif Raza1Muhammad Awais Ashraf2Muhammad Awais Ashraf3Muhammad Nabeel Amjad4Muhammad Nabeel Amjad5Ghayyas Ud Din6Ghayyas Ud Din7Bei Shen8Yihong Hu9Yihong Hu10CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaInfluenza A virus (IAV) is a significant public health concern, causing seasonal outbreaks and occasional pandemics. These outbreaks result from changes in the virus’s surface proteins which include hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Influenza A virus has a vast reservoir, including wild birds, pigs, horses, domestic and marine animals. It has over 130 subtypes based on differences in hemagglutinin and neuraminidase protein. IAV affects all age groups but impacts young children more especially during the colder season. Despite the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs, IAV is still a major cause of respiratory illnesses and deaths. Surveillance of IAV is crucial to detect new strains and assess vaccine effectiveness. Detection of IAV relies on methods like hemagglutination assay, PCR, cell culturing, and immunochromatography-based tests. Precise and early detection of IAV strain is crucial for quick treatment using antiviral drugs and unraveling epidemiological patterns to curb epidemics and pandemics on time. Advancements in diagnostic methodologies have enabled us to detect the IAV at early stages by overcoming the limitations of previously used diagnostic tests, further preparing us to combat future epidemics more effectively. This review article discusses the traditional and advanced diagnosis methods for detecting IAV.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1435384/fullinfluenza A virusdiagnosispolymerase chain reactionnext generation sequencingnucleic acid sequence-based amplificationloop-mediated isothermal amplification |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Asif Raza Muhammad Asif Raza Muhammad Awais Ashraf Muhammad Awais Ashraf Muhammad Nabeel Amjad Muhammad Nabeel Amjad Ghayyas Ud Din Ghayyas Ud Din Bei Shen Yihong Hu Yihong Hu The peculiar characteristics and advancement in diagnostic methodologies of influenza A virus Frontiers in Microbiology influenza A virus diagnosis polymerase chain reaction next generation sequencing nucleic acid sequence-based amplification loop-mediated isothermal amplification |
| title | The peculiar characteristics and advancement in diagnostic methodologies of influenza A virus |
| title_full | The peculiar characteristics and advancement in diagnostic methodologies of influenza A virus |
| title_fullStr | The peculiar characteristics and advancement in diagnostic methodologies of influenza A virus |
| title_full_unstemmed | The peculiar characteristics and advancement in diagnostic methodologies of influenza A virus |
| title_short | The peculiar characteristics and advancement in diagnostic methodologies of influenza A virus |
| title_sort | peculiar characteristics and advancement in diagnostic methodologies of influenza a virus |
| topic | influenza A virus diagnosis polymerase chain reaction next generation sequencing nucleic acid sequence-based amplification loop-mediated isothermal amplification |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1435384/full |
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