Next-Generation Nitrate, Ammonium, Phosphate, and Potassium Ion Monitoring System in Closed Hydroponics: Review on State-of-the-Art Sensors and Their Applications
Closed hydroponics is an environmentally friendly and economical method for growing crops by circulating a nutrient solution while measuring and supplementing various ions contained in the solution. However, conventional monitoring systems in hydroponics do not measure individual ions in the nutrien...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | AgriEngineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2624-7402/6/4/274 |
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| author | Yeonggeeol Hong Jooyoung Lee Sangbae Park Jangho Kim Kyoung-Je Jang |
| author_facet | Yeonggeeol Hong Jooyoung Lee Sangbae Park Jangho Kim Kyoung-Je Jang |
| author_sort | Yeonggeeol Hong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Closed hydroponics is an environmentally friendly and economical method for growing crops by circulating a nutrient solution while measuring and supplementing various ions contained in the solution. However, conventional monitoring systems in hydroponics do not measure individual ions in the nutrient solution; instead, they predict the total ion content from the pH and electrical conductivity (EC). This method cannot be used to supplement individual ions and adjusts the concentration of the circulating nutrient solution by diluting or supplying a premixed nutrient solution. A more advanced system should be able to identify the concentration of each ion in the nutrient solution and supplement any deficient ions, thus requiring individual ion monitoring systems. Therefore, we first investigated the nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, and potassium (NPK) ion concentration and pH range commonly used for nutrient solutions. Subsequently, we discuss the latest research trends in electrochemical and optical sensors for measuring NPK ions. We then compare the conventional monitoring system (pH and EC-based) and advanced monitoring systems (individual ion sensors) and discuss the respective research trends. In conclusion, we present the hurdles that researchers must overcome in developing agricultural ion sensors for advanced monitoring systems and propose the minimum specifications for agricultural NPK ion sensors. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0fe0829d4a6f464f9e140098f15b7cfe |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2624-7402 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | AgriEngineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-0fe0829d4a6f464f9e140098f15b7cfe2024-12-27T14:03:46ZengMDPI AGAgriEngineering2624-74022024-12-01644786481110.3390/agriengineering6040274Next-Generation Nitrate, Ammonium, Phosphate, and Potassium Ion Monitoring System in Closed Hydroponics: Review on State-of-the-Art Sensors and Their ApplicationsYeonggeeol Hong0Jooyoung Lee1Sangbae Park2Jangho Kim3Kyoung-Je Jang4Department of Bio-Systems Engineering, Institute of Smart Farm, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Bio-Systems Engineering, Institute of Smart Farm, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Bio-Systems Engineering, Institute of Smart Farm, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaClosed hydroponics is an environmentally friendly and economical method for growing crops by circulating a nutrient solution while measuring and supplementing various ions contained in the solution. However, conventional monitoring systems in hydroponics do not measure individual ions in the nutrient solution; instead, they predict the total ion content from the pH and electrical conductivity (EC). This method cannot be used to supplement individual ions and adjusts the concentration of the circulating nutrient solution by diluting or supplying a premixed nutrient solution. A more advanced system should be able to identify the concentration of each ion in the nutrient solution and supplement any deficient ions, thus requiring individual ion monitoring systems. Therefore, we first investigated the nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, and potassium (NPK) ion concentration and pH range commonly used for nutrient solutions. Subsequently, we discuss the latest research trends in electrochemical and optical sensors for measuring NPK ions. We then compare the conventional monitoring system (pH and EC-based) and advanced monitoring systems (individual ion sensors) and discuss the respective research trends. In conclusion, we present the hurdles that researchers must overcome in developing agricultural ion sensors for advanced monitoring systems and propose the minimum specifications for agricultural NPK ion sensors.https://www.mdpi.com/2624-7402/6/4/274NPKsensormonitoring systemshydroponicsnutrient solution |
| spellingShingle | Yeonggeeol Hong Jooyoung Lee Sangbae Park Jangho Kim Kyoung-Je Jang Next-Generation Nitrate, Ammonium, Phosphate, and Potassium Ion Monitoring System in Closed Hydroponics: Review on State-of-the-Art Sensors and Their Applications AgriEngineering NPK sensor monitoring systems hydroponics nutrient solution |
| title | Next-Generation Nitrate, Ammonium, Phosphate, and Potassium Ion Monitoring System in Closed Hydroponics: Review on State-of-the-Art Sensors and Their Applications |
| title_full | Next-Generation Nitrate, Ammonium, Phosphate, and Potassium Ion Monitoring System in Closed Hydroponics: Review on State-of-the-Art Sensors and Their Applications |
| title_fullStr | Next-Generation Nitrate, Ammonium, Phosphate, and Potassium Ion Monitoring System in Closed Hydroponics: Review on State-of-the-Art Sensors and Their Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Next-Generation Nitrate, Ammonium, Phosphate, and Potassium Ion Monitoring System in Closed Hydroponics: Review on State-of-the-Art Sensors and Their Applications |
| title_short | Next-Generation Nitrate, Ammonium, Phosphate, and Potassium Ion Monitoring System in Closed Hydroponics: Review on State-of-the-Art Sensors and Their Applications |
| title_sort | next generation nitrate ammonium phosphate and potassium ion monitoring system in closed hydroponics review on state of the art sensors and their applications |
| topic | NPK sensor monitoring systems hydroponics nutrient solution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2624-7402/6/4/274 |
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