Utilizing Flaxseed as an Antimicrobial Alternative in Chickens: Integrative Review for <i>Salmonella enterica</i> and <i>Eimeria</i>
This review provides an integrative framework for understanding flaxseed (<i>Linum utassitissimum</i>) as an antimicrobial alternative for poultry production. We begin by familiarizing the reader with the global legislation of antibiotics in animal husbandry; highlighting gaps and curren...
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2024-10-01
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| author | William C. Weston Karen H. Hales Dale B. Hales |
| author_facet | William C. Weston Karen H. Hales Dale B. Hales |
| author_sort | William C. Weston |
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| description | This review provides an integrative framework for understanding flaxseed (<i>Linum utassitissimum</i>) as an antimicrobial alternative for poultry production. We begin by familiarizing the reader with the global legislation of antibiotics in animal husbandry; highlighting gaps and current issues for <i>Salmonella enterica</i> (<i>S. enterica</i>) and <i>Eimeria</i> (coccidiosis-inducing). We then discuss the natural, symbiotic characteristics of the Galliformes order (chicken-like birds) and <i>Linum</i> (the flaxes). The key immunological themes in this review include: (i) flaxseed’s regulation of innate and adaptive immunity in chickens, (ii) flaxseed’s ability to accelerate chicken recovery from infection with <i>S. enterica</i> and <i>Eimeria</i>, and (iii) flaxseed’s strengthening of immunity via vitamin B6 antagonism. Research indicates that whole flaxseed increases adaptive immune capacity by augmenting cecal Bacteroides and short-chain fatty acids while also attenuating the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio in chickens. Moreover, flaxseed accelerates chicken recovery from infection with <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis or <i>Eimeria tenella</i>; however, future work is needed to better understand (i) defatted flaxseed’s superior performance against <i>Eimeria</i> species and (ii) <i>Eimeria maxima</i>’s resilience against whole flaxseed. In the context of vitamin B6 antagonism, we propose that 15% whole flaxseed overcomes <i>S. enterica’s</i> insult to estrogen synthesis by sustaining the activity of phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase (PEMT) in liver. We also propose that 10% defatted flaxseed (as a metformin homologue) strengthens chicken immunity by safeguarding gonadal physiology and by increasing plasma thymidine bioavailability. The concepts in this review can be used as a template for conducting advanced immunological studies in poultry science. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
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| series | Current Issues in Molecular Biology |
| spelling | doaj-art-0f3bc0cf94cb4b938df3f039f0d9a0bf2024-11-26T17:57:54ZengMDPI AGCurrent Issues in Molecular Biology1467-30371467-30452024-10-014611123221234210.3390/cimb46110732Utilizing Flaxseed as an Antimicrobial Alternative in Chickens: Integrative Review for <i>Salmonella enterica</i> and <i>Eimeria</i>William C. Weston0Karen H. Hales1Dale B. Hales2Department of Molecular, Cellular & Systemic Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USADepartment of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USADepartment of Molecular, Cellular & Systemic Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USAThis review provides an integrative framework for understanding flaxseed (<i>Linum utassitissimum</i>) as an antimicrobial alternative for poultry production. We begin by familiarizing the reader with the global legislation of antibiotics in animal husbandry; highlighting gaps and current issues for <i>Salmonella enterica</i> (<i>S. enterica</i>) and <i>Eimeria</i> (coccidiosis-inducing). We then discuss the natural, symbiotic characteristics of the Galliformes order (chicken-like birds) and <i>Linum</i> (the flaxes). The key immunological themes in this review include: (i) flaxseed’s regulation of innate and adaptive immunity in chickens, (ii) flaxseed’s ability to accelerate chicken recovery from infection with <i>S. enterica</i> and <i>Eimeria</i>, and (iii) flaxseed’s strengthening of immunity via vitamin B6 antagonism. Research indicates that whole flaxseed increases adaptive immune capacity by augmenting cecal Bacteroides and short-chain fatty acids while also attenuating the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio in chickens. Moreover, flaxseed accelerates chicken recovery from infection with <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis or <i>Eimeria tenella</i>; however, future work is needed to better understand (i) defatted flaxseed’s superior performance against <i>Eimeria</i> species and (ii) <i>Eimeria maxima</i>’s resilience against whole flaxseed. In the context of vitamin B6 antagonism, we propose that 15% whole flaxseed overcomes <i>S. enterica’s</i> insult to estrogen synthesis by sustaining the activity of phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase (PEMT) in liver. We also propose that 10% defatted flaxseed (as a metformin homologue) strengthens chicken immunity by safeguarding gonadal physiology and by increasing plasma thymidine bioavailability. The concepts in this review can be used as a template for conducting advanced immunological studies in poultry science.https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/46/11/732infectious diseasepoultry immunologyone-carbon metabolismchicken metabolismpoultry industryantimicrobial |
| spellingShingle | William C. Weston Karen H. Hales Dale B. Hales Utilizing Flaxseed as an Antimicrobial Alternative in Chickens: Integrative Review for <i>Salmonella enterica</i> and <i>Eimeria</i> Current Issues in Molecular Biology infectious disease poultry immunology one-carbon metabolism chicken metabolism poultry industry antimicrobial |
| title | Utilizing Flaxseed as an Antimicrobial Alternative in Chickens: Integrative Review for <i>Salmonella enterica</i> and <i>Eimeria</i> |
| title_full | Utilizing Flaxseed as an Antimicrobial Alternative in Chickens: Integrative Review for <i>Salmonella enterica</i> and <i>Eimeria</i> |
| title_fullStr | Utilizing Flaxseed as an Antimicrobial Alternative in Chickens: Integrative Review for <i>Salmonella enterica</i> and <i>Eimeria</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Utilizing Flaxseed as an Antimicrobial Alternative in Chickens: Integrative Review for <i>Salmonella enterica</i> and <i>Eimeria</i> |
| title_short | Utilizing Flaxseed as an Antimicrobial Alternative in Chickens: Integrative Review for <i>Salmonella enterica</i> and <i>Eimeria</i> |
| title_sort | utilizing flaxseed as an antimicrobial alternative in chickens integrative review for i salmonella enterica i and i eimeria i |
| topic | infectious disease poultry immunology one-carbon metabolism chicken metabolism poultry industry antimicrobial |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/46/11/732 |
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