Waste SMD LEDs from End-of-Life Residential LED Lamps: Presence and Characterisation of Rare Earth Elements and Precious Metals as a Function of Correlated Colour Temperature
Energy consumption in buildings is linked to lighting technology. Light-emitting diode (LED) technology includes lamps and luminaires for general lighting applications. Due to their structure, LED lamps are expected to generate specific waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) streams. LEDs...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-12-01
|
| Series: | Recycling |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-4321/9/6/128 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1846102905015238656 |
|---|---|
| author | Konstantinos M. Sideris Ioannis Katsiris Dimitrios Fragkoulis Vassilis N. Stathopoulos Panagiotis Sinioros |
| author_facet | Konstantinos M. Sideris Ioannis Katsiris Dimitrios Fragkoulis Vassilis N. Stathopoulos Panagiotis Sinioros |
| author_sort | Konstantinos M. Sideris |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Energy consumption in buildings is linked to lighting technology. Light-emitting diode (LED) technology includes lamps and luminaires for general lighting applications. Due to their structure, LED lamps are expected to generate specific waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) streams. LEDs are the main source of luminous flux, and their elemental composition is of particular interest to the recycling sector. In this study, surface-mount device (SMD) LEDs from six types of LED lamps (E27, E14, G9, R7S, GU10, and MR16) were removed, collected, separated by correlated colour temperature (CCT) (2700 K, 3000 K, 4000 K, and 6500 K), and characterised for the presence of rare earth elements and precious metals. They were digested with HNO<sub>3</sub>, aqua regia, and HF in a hot plate and characterised by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentration of each element as a function of CCT ranged as follows: lanthanum, 242–1840 mg/kg; cerium, 132–284 mg/kg; europium, 15–69 mg/kg; gadolinium, 1.9–3.8 mg/kg; terbium, 0.1–0.4 mg/kg; lutetium, 29–6381 mg/kg; yttrium, 4804–11,551 mg/kg; silver, 2712–5262 mg/kg; gold, 502–956 mg/kg; and palladium, 32–110 mg/kg. These results indicate the need for selective removal and separate recycling processes of SMD LEDs from LED lamps. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0ed31b9dc2bd43288bc8e878ee92b2c8 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2313-4321 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Recycling |
| spelling | doaj-art-0ed31b9dc2bd43288bc8e878ee92b2c82024-12-27T14:50:11ZengMDPI AGRecycling2313-43212024-12-019612810.3390/recycling9060128Waste SMD LEDs from End-of-Life Residential LED Lamps: Presence and Characterisation of Rare Earth Elements and Precious Metals as a Function of Correlated Colour TemperatureKonstantinos M. Sideris0Ioannis Katsiris1Dimitrios Fragkoulis2Vassilis N. Stathopoulos3Panagiotis Sinioros4Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of West Attica, 122 44 Egaleo, GreeceDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Educators, School of Pedagogical and Technological Education, 151 22 Marousi Attica, GreeceDepartment of Agricultural Development, Agrifood and Natural Resources Management, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Psachna Campus, 344 00 Evia, GreeceDepartment of Agricultural Development, Agrifood and Natural Resources Management, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Psachna Campus, 344 00 Evia, GreeceDepartment of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of West Attica, 122 44 Egaleo, GreeceEnergy consumption in buildings is linked to lighting technology. Light-emitting diode (LED) technology includes lamps and luminaires for general lighting applications. Due to their structure, LED lamps are expected to generate specific waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) streams. LEDs are the main source of luminous flux, and their elemental composition is of particular interest to the recycling sector. In this study, surface-mount device (SMD) LEDs from six types of LED lamps (E27, E14, G9, R7S, GU10, and MR16) were removed, collected, separated by correlated colour temperature (CCT) (2700 K, 3000 K, 4000 K, and 6500 K), and characterised for the presence of rare earth elements and precious metals. They were digested with HNO<sub>3</sub>, aqua regia, and HF in a hot plate and characterised by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentration of each element as a function of CCT ranged as follows: lanthanum, 242–1840 mg/kg; cerium, 132–284 mg/kg; europium, 15–69 mg/kg; gadolinium, 1.9–3.8 mg/kg; terbium, 0.1–0.4 mg/kg; lutetium, 29–6381 mg/kg; yttrium, 4804–11,551 mg/kg; silver, 2712–5262 mg/kg; gold, 502–956 mg/kg; and palladium, 32–110 mg/kg. These results indicate the need for selective removal and separate recycling processes of SMD LEDs from LED lamps.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-4321/9/6/128measurements and characterisationLED lampsLED moduleSMD LEDsrare earth elementsprecious metals |
| spellingShingle | Konstantinos M. Sideris Ioannis Katsiris Dimitrios Fragkoulis Vassilis N. Stathopoulos Panagiotis Sinioros Waste SMD LEDs from End-of-Life Residential LED Lamps: Presence and Characterisation of Rare Earth Elements and Precious Metals as a Function of Correlated Colour Temperature Recycling measurements and characterisation LED lamps LED module SMD LEDs rare earth elements precious metals |
| title | Waste SMD LEDs from End-of-Life Residential LED Lamps: Presence and Characterisation of Rare Earth Elements and Precious Metals as a Function of Correlated Colour Temperature |
| title_full | Waste SMD LEDs from End-of-Life Residential LED Lamps: Presence and Characterisation of Rare Earth Elements and Precious Metals as a Function of Correlated Colour Temperature |
| title_fullStr | Waste SMD LEDs from End-of-Life Residential LED Lamps: Presence and Characterisation of Rare Earth Elements and Precious Metals as a Function of Correlated Colour Temperature |
| title_full_unstemmed | Waste SMD LEDs from End-of-Life Residential LED Lamps: Presence and Characterisation of Rare Earth Elements and Precious Metals as a Function of Correlated Colour Temperature |
| title_short | Waste SMD LEDs from End-of-Life Residential LED Lamps: Presence and Characterisation of Rare Earth Elements and Precious Metals as a Function of Correlated Colour Temperature |
| title_sort | waste smd leds from end of life residential led lamps presence and characterisation of rare earth elements and precious metals as a function of correlated colour temperature |
| topic | measurements and characterisation LED lamps LED module SMD LEDs rare earth elements precious metals |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-4321/9/6/128 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT konstantinosmsideris wastesmdledsfromendofliferesidentialledlampspresenceandcharacterisationofrareearthelementsandpreciousmetalsasafunctionofcorrelatedcolourtemperature AT ioanniskatsiris wastesmdledsfromendofliferesidentialledlampspresenceandcharacterisationofrareearthelementsandpreciousmetalsasafunctionofcorrelatedcolourtemperature AT dimitriosfragkoulis wastesmdledsfromendofliferesidentialledlampspresenceandcharacterisationofrareearthelementsandpreciousmetalsasafunctionofcorrelatedcolourtemperature AT vassilisnstathopoulos wastesmdledsfromendofliferesidentialledlampspresenceandcharacterisationofrareearthelementsandpreciousmetalsasafunctionofcorrelatedcolourtemperature AT panagiotissinioros wastesmdledsfromendofliferesidentialledlampspresenceandcharacterisationofrareearthelementsandpreciousmetalsasafunctionofcorrelatedcolourtemperature |