β-crystals aied greater energy absorbing ethylene–propylene rubber in polypropylene blends for outstanding low-temperature toughness
Modulating the β-crystalline phase and adding elastomers have traditionally been used to overcome the brittleness of polypropylene (PP); however, the synergistic mechanisms of these components in enhancing low temperatures toughness remain insufficiently explored. A β-nucleating agent (TMB-5) was in...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Polymer Testing |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941824003477 |
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| author | Ruimiao Liang Wenwen Yu Jiahao Shen Zhiyi Zhang Zaifu Lin Jiayi Wang Lan Jia Feng Chen Yonggang Shangguan Qiang Zheng |
| author_facet | Ruimiao Liang Wenwen Yu Jiahao Shen Zhiyi Zhang Zaifu Lin Jiayi Wang Lan Jia Feng Chen Yonggang Shangguan Qiang Zheng |
| author_sort | Ruimiao Liang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Modulating the β-crystalline phase and adding elastomers have traditionally been used to overcome the brittleness of polypropylene (PP); however, the synergistic mechanisms of these components in enhancing low temperatures toughness remain insufficiently explored. A β-nucleating agent (TMB-5) was incorporated into the polypropylene/ethylene–propylene rubber (PP/EPR) system to address the challenges of enhancing low-temperature toughness. Under an extreme low-temperature condition of −40 °C, the PP/EPR/TMB-5 blends exhibit a remarkable enhancement in low-temperature toughness compared with PP/EPR blends, showing a 138 % increase to reach 38.3 kJ/m2. In addition, these blends demonstrate an 8.47 % increase in tensile strength at room temperature. The addition of TMB-5 provides numerous nucleation sites that facilitate the β-crystallization of polypropylene, leading to an increased content of β-crystals and a reduction in crystal grain size. Broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy shows that the constrained relaxation of EPR near the crystals shifts to higher temperatures with the formation of β-crystals. The lamellar structure of the β-crystals prevents the aggregation of EPR rubber domains during cooling process, resulting in reduced rubber particle spacing. Observations of remarkable shear deformation and extensive stress-whitening areas on the fracture surfaces of PP/EPR/TMB-5 blends upon impact at −40 °C, as opposed to PP/EPR blends, underpin that the lamellar structure of β-crystals within the composite material efficiently transmits stress further away, facilitating the involvement of more EPR particles in energy dissipation. This finding enables an in-depth investigation into the synergistic toughening mechanism and provides new insights into blends design with conventional rubber for extreme conditions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0c9ce9eba43d44fd91716a59192d0024 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1873-2348 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymer Testing |
| spelling | doaj-art-0c9ce9eba43d44fd91716a59192d00242025-01-12T05:24:06ZengElsevierPolymer Testing1873-23482025-01-01142108670β-crystals aied greater energy absorbing ethylene–propylene rubber in polypropylene blends for outstanding low-temperature toughnessRuimiao Liang0Wenwen Yu1Jiahao Shen2Zhiyi Zhang3Zaifu Lin4Jiayi Wang5Lan Jia6Feng Chen7Yonggang Shangguan8Qiang Zheng9College of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, ChinaCollege of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China; Corresponding author.College of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, ChinaCollege of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, ChinaCollege of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, ChinaCollege of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, ChinaCollege of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, ChinaDepartment of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, ChinaDepartment of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, ChinaCollege of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China; Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Corresponding author. Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.Modulating the β-crystalline phase and adding elastomers have traditionally been used to overcome the brittleness of polypropylene (PP); however, the synergistic mechanisms of these components in enhancing low temperatures toughness remain insufficiently explored. A β-nucleating agent (TMB-5) was incorporated into the polypropylene/ethylene–propylene rubber (PP/EPR) system to address the challenges of enhancing low-temperature toughness. Under an extreme low-temperature condition of −40 °C, the PP/EPR/TMB-5 blends exhibit a remarkable enhancement in low-temperature toughness compared with PP/EPR blends, showing a 138 % increase to reach 38.3 kJ/m2. In addition, these blends demonstrate an 8.47 % increase in tensile strength at room temperature. The addition of TMB-5 provides numerous nucleation sites that facilitate the β-crystallization of polypropylene, leading to an increased content of β-crystals and a reduction in crystal grain size. Broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy shows that the constrained relaxation of EPR near the crystals shifts to higher temperatures with the formation of β-crystals. The lamellar structure of the β-crystals prevents the aggregation of EPR rubber domains during cooling process, resulting in reduced rubber particle spacing. Observations of remarkable shear deformation and extensive stress-whitening areas on the fracture surfaces of PP/EPR/TMB-5 blends upon impact at −40 °C, as opposed to PP/EPR blends, underpin that the lamellar structure of β-crystals within the composite material efficiently transmits stress further away, facilitating the involvement of more EPR particles in energy dissipation. This finding enables an in-depth investigation into the synergistic toughening mechanism and provides new insights into blends design with conventional rubber for extreme conditions.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941824003477PolypropyleneEthylene–propylene rubberβ-crystalLow-temperature toughnessSynergistic effect |
| spellingShingle | Ruimiao Liang Wenwen Yu Jiahao Shen Zhiyi Zhang Zaifu Lin Jiayi Wang Lan Jia Feng Chen Yonggang Shangguan Qiang Zheng β-crystals aied greater energy absorbing ethylene–propylene rubber in polypropylene blends for outstanding low-temperature toughness Polymer Testing Polypropylene Ethylene–propylene rubber β-crystal Low-temperature toughness Synergistic effect |
| title | β-crystals aied greater energy absorbing ethylene–propylene rubber in polypropylene blends for outstanding low-temperature toughness |
| title_full | β-crystals aied greater energy absorbing ethylene–propylene rubber in polypropylene blends for outstanding low-temperature toughness |
| title_fullStr | β-crystals aied greater energy absorbing ethylene–propylene rubber in polypropylene blends for outstanding low-temperature toughness |
| title_full_unstemmed | β-crystals aied greater energy absorbing ethylene–propylene rubber in polypropylene blends for outstanding low-temperature toughness |
| title_short | β-crystals aied greater energy absorbing ethylene–propylene rubber in polypropylene blends for outstanding low-temperature toughness |
| title_sort | β crystals aied greater energy absorbing ethylene propylene rubber in polypropylene blends for outstanding low temperature toughness |
| topic | Polypropylene Ethylene–propylene rubber β-crystal Low-temperature toughness Synergistic effect |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941824003477 |
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