CQD-based electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive D-dimer detection in thrombosis and COVID-19
Thrombosis, a leading cause of heart attacks, strokes, and venous thromboembolism (VTE), contributes to 25 % of global deaths. Factors like aging and immobility increase VTE risk. D-dimer (DD), whose elevated levels indicate conditions such as pulmonary embolism and severe COVID-19, is a key biomark...
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Elsevier
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214180424001089 |
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| author | Jillian Gamboa Carmen Linares Virginia Cebrián Hamidreza Enshaei Óscar Ahumada Francesc Estrany Juan Torras |
| author_facet | Jillian Gamboa Carmen Linares Virginia Cebrián Hamidreza Enshaei Óscar Ahumada Francesc Estrany Juan Torras |
| author_sort | Jillian Gamboa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Thrombosis, a leading cause of heart attacks, strokes, and venous thromboembolism (VTE), contributes to 25 % of global deaths. Factors like aging and immobility increase VTE risk. D-dimer (DD), whose elevated levels indicate conditions such as pulmonary embolism and severe COVID-19, is a key biomarker for thrombus detection, predicting higher mortality risks. Traditional DD detection methods are time-consuming and costly. Emerging point-of-care (POCT) biosensors offer faster, cost-effective alternatives, utilizing electrochemical or optical detection and nanostructured films. This study aims to develop a sensitive, label-free electrochemical immunosensor for DD detection using carbon quantum dots (CQDs) functionalized electrodes and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). CQDs enhance electrode sensitivity by improving conductivity and providing anchoring sites for monoclonal antibody (Ab). The biosensor was made by activating a carbon screen printed electrode with KOH, adding amino groups via 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane, linking CQDs with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS), and immobilizing DD Ab on CQD surface. Raman spectroscopy and EIS confirmed successful functionalization and increased resistance with Ab and bovine serum albumin layers. The biosensor effectively detected DD antigens, with a calibration curve ranging from 10 to 1000 ng mL−1 and a low limit of detection of 13.4 ng mL−1. CQDs improved sensitivity, and low Ab concentrations reduced costs. This CQD-based impedance immunosensor offers a practical approach for early thrombosis detection and monitoring diseases like VTE and COVID-19 at the point of care. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-098db2f59939487c90c3640e7ea1489a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2214-1804 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-098db2f59939487c90c3640e7ea1489a2024-12-26T08:53:12ZengElsevierSensing and Bio-Sensing Research2214-18042025-02-0147100726CQD-based electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive D-dimer detection in thrombosis and COVID-19Jillian Gamboa0Carmen Linares1Virginia Cebrián2Hamidreza Enshaei3Óscar Ahumada4Francesc Estrany5Juan Torras6Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Spain; Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat, Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona 08019, SpainMecwins S.A., Ronda de Poniente 15, 2°D, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, SpainMecwins S.A., Ronda de Poniente 15, 2°D, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, SpainDepartament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Spain; Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat, Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona 08019, SpainMecwins S.A., Ronda de Poniente 15, 2°D, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain; Corresponding author.Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Spain; Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat, Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona 08019, SpainDepartament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Spain; Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat, Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Spain; Corresponding author at: Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Spain.Thrombosis, a leading cause of heart attacks, strokes, and venous thromboembolism (VTE), contributes to 25 % of global deaths. Factors like aging and immobility increase VTE risk. D-dimer (DD), whose elevated levels indicate conditions such as pulmonary embolism and severe COVID-19, is a key biomarker for thrombus detection, predicting higher mortality risks. Traditional DD detection methods are time-consuming and costly. Emerging point-of-care (POCT) biosensors offer faster, cost-effective alternatives, utilizing electrochemical or optical detection and nanostructured films. This study aims to develop a sensitive, label-free electrochemical immunosensor for DD detection using carbon quantum dots (CQDs) functionalized electrodes and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). CQDs enhance electrode sensitivity by improving conductivity and providing anchoring sites for monoclonal antibody (Ab). The biosensor was made by activating a carbon screen printed electrode with KOH, adding amino groups via 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane, linking CQDs with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS), and immobilizing DD Ab on CQD surface. Raman spectroscopy and EIS confirmed successful functionalization and increased resistance with Ab and bovine serum albumin layers. The biosensor effectively detected DD antigens, with a calibration curve ranging from 10 to 1000 ng mL−1 and a low limit of detection of 13.4 ng mL−1. CQDs improved sensitivity, and low Ab concentrations reduced costs. This CQD-based impedance immunosensor offers a practical approach for early thrombosis detection and monitoring diseases like VTE and COVID-19 at the point of care.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214180424001089Carbon quantum dotD-dimerElectrochemical impedance spectroscopyImmunosensorCardiovascular diseases |
| spellingShingle | Jillian Gamboa Carmen Linares Virginia Cebrián Hamidreza Enshaei Óscar Ahumada Francesc Estrany Juan Torras CQD-based electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive D-dimer detection in thrombosis and COVID-19 Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research Carbon quantum dot D-dimer Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Immunosensor Cardiovascular diseases |
| title | CQD-based electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive D-dimer detection in thrombosis and COVID-19 |
| title_full | CQD-based electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive D-dimer detection in thrombosis and COVID-19 |
| title_fullStr | CQD-based electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive D-dimer detection in thrombosis and COVID-19 |
| title_full_unstemmed | CQD-based electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive D-dimer detection in thrombosis and COVID-19 |
| title_short | CQD-based electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive D-dimer detection in thrombosis and COVID-19 |
| title_sort | cqd based electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive d dimer detection in thrombosis and covid 19 |
| topic | Carbon quantum dot D-dimer Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Immunosensor Cardiovascular diseases |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214180424001089 |
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