Microlens Array-Based Beam Profile and Wavefront Sensor With Physical Constraint Learning

The beam profile and wavefront characteristics of laser beams are essential for numerous laser applications, including micromachining and microfabrication. However, conventional wavefront sensors, such as the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS), are limited by reduced accuracy in detecting local...

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Main Authors: Feng-Chun Hsu, Chun-Yu Lin, Chia-Yuan Chang, Shean-Jen Chen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IEEE 2025-01-01
Series:IEEE Photonics Journal
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Online Access:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10967538/
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author Feng-Chun Hsu
Chun-Yu Lin
Chia-Yuan Chang
Shean-Jen Chen
author_facet Feng-Chun Hsu
Chun-Yu Lin
Chia-Yuan Chang
Shean-Jen Chen
author_sort Feng-Chun Hsu
collection DOAJ
description The beam profile and wavefront characteristics of laser beams are essential for numerous laser applications, including micromachining and microfabrication. However, conventional wavefront sensors, such as the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS), are limited by reduced accuracy in detecting local distortions and sensitivity to non-uniform beam profiles. Additionally, beam profile information is crucial for such applications. This paper introduces a new methodology that utilizes an SHWS-like structure to overcome these limitations. By employing a physical constraint learning approach, the proposed method simultaneously provides highly accurate wavefront and beam profile data. We first develop a pretrained network using microlens array (MLA) simulation datasets. To implement a practical MLA-based measurement system, this pretrained network is further fine-tuned with datasets modulated by a spatial light modulator in the system setup. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed network can reconstruct both beam profiles and wavefronts in real-time. Compared to traditional SHWS reconstruction techniques, our approach enhances computation speed by over 100 times, while also providing beam intensity profile information and increasing wavefront sensing accuracy by approximately fivefold.
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spelling doaj-art-06e3353567054d1e9023b38cce722e3f2025-08-20T03:53:27ZengIEEEIEEE Photonics Journal1943-06552025-01-011731610.1109/JPHOT.2025.356193110967538Microlens Array-Based Beam Profile and Wavefront Sensor With Physical Constraint LearningFeng-Chun Hsu0https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6831-9179Chun-Yu Lin1https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3766-7009Chia-Yuan Chang2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0587-0868Shean-Jen Chen3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9648-9466College of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan City, TaiwanCollege of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan City, TaiwanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National ChengKung University, Tainan City, TaiwanCollege of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan City, TaiwanThe beam profile and wavefront characteristics of laser beams are essential for numerous laser applications, including micromachining and microfabrication. However, conventional wavefront sensors, such as the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS), are limited by reduced accuracy in detecting local distortions and sensitivity to non-uniform beam profiles. Additionally, beam profile information is crucial for such applications. This paper introduces a new methodology that utilizes an SHWS-like structure to overcome these limitations. By employing a physical constraint learning approach, the proposed method simultaneously provides highly accurate wavefront and beam profile data. We first develop a pretrained network using microlens array (MLA) simulation datasets. To implement a practical MLA-based measurement system, this pretrained network is further fine-tuned with datasets modulated by a spatial light modulator in the system setup. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed network can reconstruct both beam profiles and wavefronts in real-time. Compared to traditional SHWS reconstruction techniques, our approach enhances computation speed by over 100 times, while also providing beam intensity profile information and increasing wavefront sensing accuracy by approximately fivefold.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10967538/Wavefront sensorbeam profilemicrolens arrayphysical constraintneural network
spellingShingle Feng-Chun Hsu
Chun-Yu Lin
Chia-Yuan Chang
Shean-Jen Chen
Microlens Array-Based Beam Profile and Wavefront Sensor With Physical Constraint Learning
IEEE Photonics Journal
Wavefront sensor
beam profile
microlens array
physical constraint
neural network
title Microlens Array-Based Beam Profile and Wavefront Sensor With Physical Constraint Learning
title_full Microlens Array-Based Beam Profile and Wavefront Sensor With Physical Constraint Learning
title_fullStr Microlens Array-Based Beam Profile and Wavefront Sensor With Physical Constraint Learning
title_full_unstemmed Microlens Array-Based Beam Profile and Wavefront Sensor With Physical Constraint Learning
title_short Microlens Array-Based Beam Profile and Wavefront Sensor With Physical Constraint Learning
title_sort microlens array based beam profile and wavefront sensor with physical constraint learning
topic Wavefront sensor
beam profile
microlens array
physical constraint
neural network
url https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10967538/
work_keys_str_mv AT fengchunhsu microlensarraybasedbeamprofileandwavefrontsensorwithphysicalconstraintlearning
AT chunyulin microlensarraybasedbeamprofileandwavefrontsensorwithphysicalconstraintlearning
AT chiayuanchang microlensarraybasedbeamprofileandwavefrontsensorwithphysicalconstraintlearning
AT sheanjenchen microlensarraybasedbeamprofileandwavefrontsensorwithphysicalconstraintlearning