Learning to trade autonomously in stocks and shares: integrating uncertainty into trading strategies

Abstract Machine learning, a revolutionary and advanced technology, has been widely applied in the field of stock trading. However, training an autonomous trading strategy which can effectively balance risk and Return On Investment without human supervision in the stock market with high uncertainty...

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Main Authors: Yuyang Li, Minghui Liwang, Li Li
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-08-01
Series:Autonomous Intelligent Systems
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s43684-025-00101-4
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author Yuyang Li
Minghui Liwang
Li Li
author_facet Yuyang Li
Minghui Liwang
Li Li
author_sort Yuyang Li
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Machine learning, a revolutionary and advanced technology, has been widely applied in the field of stock trading. However, training an autonomous trading strategy which can effectively balance risk and Return On Investment without human supervision in the stock market with high uncertainty is still a bottleneck. This paper constructs a Bayesian-inferenced Gated Recurrent Unit architecture to support long-term stock price prediction based on characteristics of the stock information learned from historical data, augmented with memory of recent up- and-down fluctuations occur in the data of short-term stock movement. The Gated Recurrent Unit architecture incorporates uncertainty estimation into the prediction process, which take care of decision-making in an ever-changing dynamic environment. Three trading strategies were implemented in this model; namely, a Price Model Strategy, a Probabilistic Model Strategy, and a Bayesian Gated Recurrent Unit Strategy, each leveraging the respective model’s outputs to optimize trading decisions. The experimental results show that, compared with the standard Gated Recurrent Unit models, the modified model exhibits a huge tremendous/dramatic advantage in managing volatility and improving return on investment Return On Investment. The results and findings underscore the significant potential of combining Bayesian inference with machine learning to operate effectively in chaotic decision-making environments.
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spelling doaj-art-0209d69db17c49de9b84f2e9da6abe0d2025-08-20T03:46:15ZengSpringerAutonomous Intelligent Systems2730-616X2025-08-015111110.1007/s43684-025-00101-4Learning to trade autonomously in stocks and shares: integrating uncertainty into trading strategiesYuyang Li0Minghui Liwang1Li Li2Department of Control Science and Engineering, Tongji UniversityDepartment of Control Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, the National Key Laboratory of Autonomous Intelligent Unmanned Systems, and also with Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Ministry of Education, Tongji UniversityDepartment of Control Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, the National Key Laboratory of Autonomous Intelligent Unmanned Systems, and also with Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Ministry of Education, Tongji UniversityAbstract Machine learning, a revolutionary and advanced technology, has been widely applied in the field of stock trading. However, training an autonomous trading strategy which can effectively balance risk and Return On Investment without human supervision in the stock market with high uncertainty is still a bottleneck. This paper constructs a Bayesian-inferenced Gated Recurrent Unit architecture to support long-term stock price prediction based on characteristics of the stock information learned from historical data, augmented with memory of recent up- and-down fluctuations occur in the data of short-term stock movement. The Gated Recurrent Unit architecture incorporates uncertainty estimation into the prediction process, which take care of decision-making in an ever-changing dynamic environment. Three trading strategies were implemented in this model; namely, a Price Model Strategy, a Probabilistic Model Strategy, and a Bayesian Gated Recurrent Unit Strategy, each leveraging the respective model’s outputs to optimize trading decisions. The experimental results show that, compared with the standard Gated Recurrent Unit models, the modified model exhibits a huge tremendous/dramatic advantage in managing volatility and improving return on investment Return On Investment. The results and findings underscore the significant potential of combining Bayesian inference with machine learning to operate effectively in chaotic decision-making environments.https://doi.org/10.1007/s43684-025-00101-4Autonomous tradingGated recurrent unitBayesian inference
spellingShingle Yuyang Li
Minghui Liwang
Li Li
Learning to trade autonomously in stocks and shares: integrating uncertainty into trading strategies
Autonomous Intelligent Systems
Autonomous trading
Gated recurrent unit
Bayesian inference
title Learning to trade autonomously in stocks and shares: integrating uncertainty into trading strategies
title_full Learning to trade autonomously in stocks and shares: integrating uncertainty into trading strategies
title_fullStr Learning to trade autonomously in stocks and shares: integrating uncertainty into trading strategies
title_full_unstemmed Learning to trade autonomously in stocks and shares: integrating uncertainty into trading strategies
title_short Learning to trade autonomously in stocks and shares: integrating uncertainty into trading strategies
title_sort learning to trade autonomously in stocks and shares integrating uncertainty into trading strategies
topic Autonomous trading
Gated recurrent unit
Bayesian inference
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s43684-025-00101-4
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AT minghuiliwang learningtotradeautonomouslyinstocksandsharesintegratinguncertaintyintotradingstrategies
AT lili learningtotradeautonomouslyinstocksandsharesintegratinguncertaintyintotradingstrategies