Incidence rate and risk factors of pulmonary conditions three years post COVID-19 in Bronx, New York: a retrospective cohort study
Abstract This retrospective cohort study used propensity-matched cohorts with a 3-year follow-up (March 2020–July 2023) to determine incidence rates, relative risks, and risk factors for incident pulmonary conditions after COVID-19 exposure. Data were drawn from a multi-center health system in New Y...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15347-4 |
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| author | Sonya S. Henry Stephen H. Wang Wei Hou Tim Q. Duong |
| author_facet | Sonya S. Henry Stephen H. Wang Wei Hou Tim Q. Duong |
| author_sort | Sonya S. Henry |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This retrospective cohort study used propensity-matched cohorts with a 3-year follow-up (March 2020–July 2023) to determine incidence rates, relative risks, and risk factors for incident pulmonary conditions after COVID-19 exposure. Data were drawn from a multi-center health system in New York City. Participants had at least 30 days of follow-up and included patients with or without COVID-19 confirmed by PCR, diagnosed with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), or without COVID-19/LRTI testing. COVID-19 status was defined by positive PCR, LRTI requiring hospitalization, or neither. The final cohort (n = 69,632) comprised 1:1 propensity-matched comparisons based on age, sex, race/ethnicity, obesity, type II diabetes, hypertension, and smoking, stratified by hospitalization. Primary outcomes were incidence rates, hazard ratios (HRs), and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for new-onset pulmonary conditions. The study included 34,816 matched COVID-19 survivors and 34,816 non-COVID survivors. Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a threefold higher risk of incident pulmonary conditions compared to non-COVID controls (aHR = 3.36, 95% CI: 3.02–3.73). Hospitalized COVID-19 patients showed similar risk to hospitalized LRTI controls (aHR = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.84–1.84). Multiple sensitivity analyses were conducted. COVID-19 increases pulmonary risk in non-hospitalized patients but not in hospitalized cohorts compared with LRTI. These findings underscore the need for monitoring and intervention in at-risk individuals. |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-0130ccbe72dc468e84d598bb0beb2c6b2025-08-20T04:02:46ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-08-011511810.1038/s41598-025-15347-4Incidence rate and risk factors of pulmonary conditions three years post COVID-19 in Bronx, New York: a retrospective cohort studySonya S. Henry0Stephen H. Wang1Wei Hou2Tim Q. Duong3Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical CenterDepartment of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical CenterDepartment of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical CenterDepartment of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical CenterAbstract This retrospective cohort study used propensity-matched cohorts with a 3-year follow-up (March 2020–July 2023) to determine incidence rates, relative risks, and risk factors for incident pulmonary conditions after COVID-19 exposure. Data were drawn from a multi-center health system in New York City. Participants had at least 30 days of follow-up and included patients with or without COVID-19 confirmed by PCR, diagnosed with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), or without COVID-19/LRTI testing. COVID-19 status was defined by positive PCR, LRTI requiring hospitalization, or neither. The final cohort (n = 69,632) comprised 1:1 propensity-matched comparisons based on age, sex, race/ethnicity, obesity, type II diabetes, hypertension, and smoking, stratified by hospitalization. Primary outcomes were incidence rates, hazard ratios (HRs), and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for new-onset pulmonary conditions. The study included 34,816 matched COVID-19 survivors and 34,816 non-COVID survivors. Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a threefold higher risk of incident pulmonary conditions compared to non-COVID controls (aHR = 3.36, 95% CI: 3.02–3.73). Hospitalized COVID-19 patients showed similar risk to hospitalized LRTI controls (aHR = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.84–1.84). Multiple sensitivity analyses were conducted. COVID-19 increases pulmonary risk in non-hospitalized patients but not in hospitalized cohorts compared with LRTI. These findings underscore the need for monitoring and intervention in at-risk individuals.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15347-4 |
| spellingShingle | Sonya S. Henry Stephen H. Wang Wei Hou Tim Q. Duong Incidence rate and risk factors of pulmonary conditions three years post COVID-19 in Bronx, New York: a retrospective cohort study Scientific Reports |
| title | Incidence rate and risk factors of pulmonary conditions three years post COVID-19 in Bronx, New York: a retrospective cohort study |
| title_full | Incidence rate and risk factors of pulmonary conditions three years post COVID-19 in Bronx, New York: a retrospective cohort study |
| title_fullStr | Incidence rate and risk factors of pulmonary conditions three years post COVID-19 in Bronx, New York: a retrospective cohort study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Incidence rate and risk factors of pulmonary conditions three years post COVID-19 in Bronx, New York: a retrospective cohort study |
| title_short | Incidence rate and risk factors of pulmonary conditions three years post COVID-19 in Bronx, New York: a retrospective cohort study |
| title_sort | incidence rate and risk factors of pulmonary conditions three years post covid 19 in bronx new york a retrospective cohort study |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15347-4 |
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